Indonesia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Indonesia - Term Paper Example In addition, the Gross National savings of Indonesia as estimated in the year 2014 stands at 30.2% of GDP. Relevant to consumption of GDP, household and government consumption stands at 56.2 % and 9 % respectively. Investment in fixed capital and exports of goods and services take 33.6% and 23.5 % of GDP respectively. Moreover, the agricultural, industrial and service sectors claim 14.2 %, 45.5% and 40.3% of the GDP (Central Intelligence Agency, 2015). The labor force of Indonesia stands at 124.3 million according to the recent records. The industrial production growth rate is 4.9 %. The population below poverty line stands at 11.7 %. The unemployment rate is at 5.7 % according to the latest statistics and the Gini index stands at 36.8 as recorded in 2009. According to the budget of Indonesia, the revenues and expenditures stand at $134.7 billion and $155.2 billion respectively (Central Intelligence Agency, 2015). Taxes and other revenues account for 15.7% and the public debt stands at 23.9% of the GDP. The inflation rate was estimated at 6.3% in the year 2014. The prime lending rate of the commercial bank was estimated at 12.4 % in December 2014. According to the recent records, the imports and exports of Indonesia stand at $166.7 billion and $ 179.4 billion respectively. The major indicators of social infrastructure in Indonesia may comprise of the life expectancy, infant mortality as well as literacy levels among others. In Indonesia, the population growth rate is estimated at 0.95 % according to the 2014 statistics. The birth rate was estimated at 17.04 births per 1000 population in 2014. Death rate was estimated at 6.34 deaths per 1000 population. The infant mortality rate stands at 25.16 deaths per 1000 and the maternal mortality rate was estimated at 220 deaths per 1000 live births. The life expectancy stands at 72.17 years for all populations. From the latest commercial guide of Indonesia, there are

Microbiology Study Guide Chapter Essay Example for Free

Microbiology Study Guide Chapter Essay Food Production 1. Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, 2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae B. Oxygen production C. Nitrogen Fixation D. Decomposition E. Bioremediation F. Antibiotics G. Biotechnology and research H. Normal flora I. Pathogens (malaria parasite, E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium) IV. The Origin of Microorganisms A. Spontaneous Generation revisited 1. Francesco Redi 2. Lazzaro Spallazani 3. Louis Pasteur 4. John Tyndall B. If not Spontaneous Generation, then what? 1. Ferdinand Cohn 2. Robert Koch Chapter 3: Microscopy Staining I. What can we see with a microscope? A. Micrometer B. Nanometer II. History of Microscopy A. Robert Hooke B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek III. Principles of Microscopy A. Total Magnification B. Resolution/Resolving power 1. Wavelength 2. Numerical aperture C. Refraction/Refractive index D. Contrast IV. Light Microscope /Bright field Microscope A. Parts and functions 1. Oculars 2. Objectives/Revolving nosepiece 3. Stage 4. Condenser Iris diaphragm 5. Adjustment knobs- Course, fine, condenser and stage B. Principles of electron microscopy (transmission and scanning electron microscopes). V. Staining Techniques A. Smear Preparation B. Types of dyes – basic, acidic C. Types of Staining Procedures 1. Simple staining 2. Positive and Negative staining 3. Differential staining a. Gram stain b. Acid-fast stain 4. Structural stains a. Capsule stain b. Endospore stain c. Flagella stain Lecture Chapter 3: Prokaryotic Cell I. Shape: A. Coccus B. Bacillus (rod) C. Coccobacillus D. Vibrio E. Spirillum F. Spirochete II. Arrangements: A. For cocci: 1. Chains or Streptococci arrangement 2. Packets (tetrads (4 cells) or 8 cells (Sarcinae)) 3. Clusters or Staphylococci arrangement B. For bacilli- Single, irregular, stacked or chained rods III. External Extensions A. Flagella in Gram negative bacteria 1. Components – Basal body, Hook, Filament 2. Arrangement – (Mono, Lopho, Amphi or Peri) trichous 3. Movement – Chemotaxis, Phototaxis, Aerotaxis, Magnetotaxis B. Axial filaments (endoflagella) C. Attachment pili (Fimbriae) D. Sex pilus IV. Layers/Coverings A. Glycocalyx – Capsule, Slime layer B. Cell Wall – Peptidoglycan, NAG and NAM 1. Gram positive- Teichoic- (TA) and lipoteichoic acids (LTA) 2. Gram negative- outer membrane made of endotoxin -Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), periplasm 3. No cell wall- Mycoplasma C. Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane 1. Components – Phospholipid bilayer, Fluid Mosaic model 2. Passive transport a. Simple diffusion b. Osmosis 1)Â  Hypertonic 2)Â  Hypotonic 3)Â  Isotonic c. Facilitated diffusion 3. Active transport a. Major Facilitator family transporters –use proton motive force b. ABC transporters- use ATP as energy c. Group translocation 4. Energy production a. Electron Transport chain b. Proton Motive Force V. Internal Structures A. DNA as a Single chromosome in a Nucleoid region B. Plasmids and transfer of plasmids (conjugation) C. Ribosomes D. Storage Granules – Glycogen, Volutin, Poly-? -hydroxybutyrate, sulfur E. Gas vacuoles (vesicles) F. Endospores 1. Formation of Endospore-sporulation a. Core – Dipicolonic acid + Ca2+, DNA enzymes b. Core Wall Cortex – peptidoglycan + muramic lactam c. Spore coat – keratin-like protein 2. Germination – Return to Vegetative State 3. Location – terminal, lateral, central

Supply Chain Management Case Study: Walmart

Supply Chain Management Case Study: Walmart 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this work is to understand the Supply Chain Management What are the essences of SCM ? In order to complete the aim of this work the objectives are: Learn more about Supply Chain Management ( Origins) The needs of Supply Chain Management for the Organisations The Benefits of Doing So The Objectives and the fundamental elements of SCM: Examine common cases to find the current issues And for finish Evaluate the improvments accordings to the contribution to the results wanted. 1.3 INFORMATION SOURCES Both secondary and primary data will be discussed in this dissertation Information used will have the latest data and statistics according to researched literature and online data from various articles, journals, newspapers , annual reports Secondly, after revising the collected secondary data and formulating the current issues and problems I will include graphs and answers from my own personal sources that were collected threw out all the work .Thirdly, I will explain the primary and write a discussion followed by the summary of main findings and completed with conclusion. 1.5 THE SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY current research is limited by the fact that is it rather unlikely for companies to provide data related to our business and strategies plans.For this reasons, although my interviews answer was brief, i tried to summarize my research by taking some general answer related to this case i mean Organisation strategies found in the internet. DISERTATION STRUCTURE Following the introduction of the problem, aims, objectives and method of the deep research ,the chapters will structured as: Chapter two; will provide information from the literature review as from written published journals , books, websites and other work that have been already discussed by other authors It will give detailed understandingSupply Chain Management, the needs for SCM ;The benefits for doing so ; the fundamentals elements of SCM and the Supply chain Management issues.this chapter will have good presentation on latest events related to SCM Chapter three: , which gives the general idea and introduction to Supply Chain Management and its historical development Chapter four; examines The Supply Chain Mangament structure process The Key components I mean the fundamenals elements Chapter five;Examines the issues in SCM by discussing problems and available positive changes in order to identify solutions by later discussion and evaluation of the current progress and future plans in improving SCM conditions.. Chapter six:is a General introduction to Wal mart with his Supply chain explained, order to implement everything I say and quote in my previous research. Chapter seven; summarize on the topic from the discussion of chapter six and drawing conclusion based upon the information in previous chapters. Chapter eight; final part of work will include the list of most often used references CHAPTER 1 1.1.1 Introduction to Supply Chain Management This chapter will be an introduction the Supply Chain Manageent and its principles as it is important to understand the scope of the area in order to discuss its current situation. Lets go to the origin of logistics and its evolution to the concept of Supply Chain Management. Although broadly defined in some dictionaries. The definition of the CNL (Council of Logistics Management) differs slightly: Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans , implement and controls the efficient , effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements. Logistics has its origins in the armies. Its presented successively as part of military operations that the group which coherent in arms champagne live, move and fight in the best conditions of efficiency to become the area is by all problems relating to supply of all natures, in their delivery and for their distribution through base and transit operations. According to Chopra, Sunil and Peter Meindl(2004). Supply Chain Consist of allparties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. The Supply Chain not only includes the manufacturer and suppliers, but organization, such as manufacturer, the supply chain includes all functions involved in receiving and filling a customer request.Theese functionsinclude, but are not limited to, new product development, marketing, operations, distribution, finance and customer service. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION This literature review is written about Supply Chain Management. The research for this piece of work is based on how organizations put into operation an effective Supply Chain Management. Throughout this literature review, i will demonstrate knowledge of Supply Chain Management ; Explain the need to manage a Supply Chain Management and describe the benefit of doing so. I will also look at the objectives and list fundamental elements of Supply Chain Management and examinate possible issues on Supply Chain Management. Information about this piece of work are collected from various sources such as books and online journals Modules lectures listed after: Ronald H. Ballou in Business logistics/supply chain management 5th ed Martin Christopher logistics and supply chain management 3rd ed Gerard Baglin management industriel et logistique 4th ed A case study of Ceramic HG. Willian. J. Stevenson Operation Management Donald Waters Supply Chain Management an introduction to Logistics 2nd ed Keywords: Supply Chain Management: The context of continuous evolution is still more advance level of competition, the success of an enterprise is not only the management of core activities but also depends on relationships and supply management. Thus, upstream and downstream of the SCM, a company needs to manage relationships with customers and suppliers. Ordinarily, the increasing trend of outsourcing maintains this requirement. The Supply chain is the organization that provides(in human beings, organizations ). SCM (Supply Chain Management) is in charge for organizing the supply by the managing of flows in the context of the company. The basic principle of SCM is that gets a worse result by optimizing every element of the chain, rather than optimizing the overall chain (the sum of the optima of each element of the chain is less than the global optimum ) A product is never made throughout by the same company. Many suppliers, intermediates and subcontractors implicated in different phases of product realization. Traditionally, communication between stakeholders is minimized. To ensure hazards, each form of stocks more or less important, expensive( Gerard Baglin 2005)The slightest error restraints the flow and interrupts the chain which is penalized. Supply Chain Management wants to ensure the overall fluidity while ensuring greater flexibility. It provides the shift from production-oriented product to a customer-centric-production(Olivier Bruel 2005 ). The Need for Supply Chain Management: The essence of supply chain is to maximise value and reduce total cost across the entire trading process through focusing on speed and the certainty of response to the market (Tom McGuffog). Since companies improves toward virtual, real-time organizational structures, a new set of Supply Chain Management capabilities will come into sight, and that permits the user to react rapidly to the market demand. Due to globalization, Supply Chain Management has turn out to be a means for companies to compete efficiently at local as well as global scale. It became a fundamental element for companies, especially when it comes to deliver services at a competitive cost and high quality. Now days, product and services have no value unless they are in the possession of the customer when (time) and where (place) they wish to consume them Ronald H. Ballou (1999; p13) . According to William.J. Stevenson( 2008 ) the needs for Supply Chain Management are these followings ? Developing operations Increasing levels of outsourcing Increasing transportation costs Competitive pressures Increasing globalization Increasing importance of e-commerce Complexity of supply chains Managing inventories As stated before, Supply chain management creates an efficient and integrated company. It plays considerable roles when it comes to reduction of costs and time by channelizing the products into appropriate distribution channels in order to enable the goods to reach the end consumers on time. Those above are not the only benefit of supply chain management. William J. Stevenson identified benefits of SCM as follow: Lower inventories Higher productivity Greater agility Shorter lead times Higher profits Greater customer loyalty Integrates separate organizations into a cohesive operating system. Elements of Supply Chain Management: There are three types of Supply Chain Management elements, namely: Strategic Tactical Operational Issues on Supply Chain Management: According to TMG ( Transportation Management Group Inc ) article published the 24 Jan-2000. Nowadays, the Supply Chain Management world, companies are required to focus on developing the necessary capabilities to address key business issues. Getting product from the vendor to the shelf to fulfil consumer demand has been identified as one of the critical business issues. To address this issue, organizations must center on building a flow management capability. As an initiative to support this capability, companies need to optimize their distribution network to enable merchandise flow. This optimized distribution network must also support key changes associated with the new merchandise flow strategies. The optimized distribution network must support product assortments, order practices, replenishment methods, replenishment quantities, increase in imports if applicable, and new store formats that will require stores operating at much lower inventory levels than today. A preliminary analysis of existing Supply Chain Operating models indicate that there are significant opportunities to rationalize current distribution center networks by exploring new flow path options. These alternatives are driven by many factors. The following are high level attributes and the issues that must be addressed with each of them. The mains issues on Supply Chain Management retained are these followings: Customer Demands Cost Issues Consolidation/Partnering Globalization Technology Government Regulatory Agencies Throughout my research we will detail each of them. 1.1 Supply Chain Management: Supply Chain Management, SCM, defines the control of the supply chain from the first supplier to end customer. Supply Chain Management aims to assess as accurately as the needs, availability and capacity of each link in the supply chain and manufacturing, to better synchronize and serve customers in the best possible conditions. Basically we can conclude that the SCM Supply Chain Management helps improve the flow and time while controlling costs. http://rmdonovan.web6.hubspot.com/Portals/61797/images/image002.gif According to 2011 R. Michael Donovan Co Figure SC-2 The standard manufacturing supply chain shows the traditional flow of information and materials to and from the customers and the suppliers through the company. The processes within the supply chain typically have a strong correlation to the traditional silo organizational functions within a manufacturing company, including sales, engineering, manufacturing, distribution, and accounting. The business process flows across an organization, but communication, accountability, and reward systems flow vertically. This organizational and process contradiction often impedes supply chain effectiveness. ( Hanfield,2002, p.9) that supply chain can see in two angles, internal one for the company and external for the supplier .A supplier for this company has his own set of suppliers that provide input. Supply Chain are essentially a series of linked suppliers and customers until products reach the ultimate customer. In the world Supply Chain Management, we have three words the first word is Supply ; the second one Chain and the third one Management. Definition of Management The fact is that different supply chain in every day world exist wether they are managed or not. If one of the organization will actively implement any of supply chain management concepts explained further on in the thesis, the supply chain as a phenomenon of business will still exist but will probably not act in a rational, coordinated way. Supply chain management therefore requires active management efforts by the organisations within the supply chain. What is an organisation? Lipovec 1987, p35) defines organization as the composition of relationships between people, who by relationships become members of a formed social unit. Organisation ensure the existence and specific characteristics of the social unit and rational achievement of goals. According to Rozman(2000, p15) there are 3 process in a organisation assuring rational achievement of goals: organization process, coordination process, and decision making process. The organisational process are defined as goal oriented processes of ensuring the rationality The Way Spain Was by Neruda: Analysis The Way Spain Was by Neruda: Analysis The Way Spain Was is in the poetic collection Third Residence, which Neruda had written when he was a member of the Communist Party of the Chile. He is very much concerned about the common people of the land. Although his mind is burdened with seething social issues, he spoke as simply as possible to communicate his sentiments to the public. He recounts with passion the repeated suffering recorded in the history of Spain. How unto crying out, unto the very soul I live your barren soil and your rough bread, your stricken people! How in the depths of me grows the lost flowers of your villages, timeless, impossible to budge, your tracts of minerals bulging like oldsters under the moon, devoured by an imbecile god. The poet brings out the harsh realities of life through various images. Fresh bloom of life that cannot be found, the lost flower of your villages continues to clamour in his mind. He is enraged that an idiot like god is punishing the land that he loves. Through the deep love for Chile he begins to consider Spain as his motherland. When he witnessed the ruins of Machuchu Pichchu, his love for the land became more intense. His mourning for the Spains glorious past is evident in the words our stricken people. Silence and isolation are repeated and cries of Taut and dry Spain, this phrase shows the core of his sensibility and the memories of war reminds him of the dull and loud sound of drums. In spite of the fertility of Spain the poet is more concerned about the inhabited of the land affected by the civil war and dictatorship. He is very much conscious of the Spanish soil aged by years of sunlight and of regions invades by various races. your harsh wine and your sweet wine. Your violent and delicate vineyards. Stone of the sun, pure among territories, Neruda also mourns for his best friend Garcia Lorca and Miguel Hernandez, who died in the Spanish civil war. Spain veined with bloods and metals, blue and victorious, this clearly shows the history of king discoverers and the tragedy of civil war which made him Republican and he uses his poetry as a weapon to fight against the violence. The ordinary people of the society i.e, the common people are suppressed and their lifes plight is showcased clearly in the line proletariat of petals and bullets/ alone alive, somnolent, resounding. The people of rich fertile land are depended on their daily labours; their life is beautiful with the horror of war in it. Opposition of ideas can be seen in the words sweet and harsh, in violent and delicate in petals and bullets these words confirms that Neruda is fighting against the suppression of proletariat He writes about a poor, but beautiful Spain, historically rich and glorious in the past, crushed and destroyed in the present. It is a fact that Pablo Neruda openly reacted to the contemporary political events in Spain and his own country that made him summaries his own life as follows: I have had to fight and struggle, love and sign. I have had to see the breaking world, the triumph and the defeat. I tasted the bread and the blood. What more can a poet want? And all the alternatives, from the songs to the kisses, from the solitude to the people, exist in my poetry, participate in it, because I have lives for my poetry, and my poetry has sustained me. Intense feeling for the colonised people is very much seen along with the reaction to the social and political events in his mother country. Discoverers of Chile is taken from Canto General, Nerudas the most important work. First, it was conceived as Canto General of Chile and later became the general song of America, i.e., Canto General. The new practice of addressing to an audience, communicating with a group of people becomes more specific in Canto General, a collection of poems that are often called epic poems of Chile. Published in 1950 and divided into fifteen sections, these poems tell the tale of Latin American people. Songs of Canto General were composed over twelve years, which are also considered years of militant Neruda. Many sections of Canto General are dedicated to workers and peasants whose homes and experiences the poet had shared so many times. While reading these poems one feels that these are the people who are lending their voice to his poetry. Through these poems Neruda explains how his people were oppressed and exploited first by the conquerors and then by the dictators, the collection ends with an autobiographical account of him. Neruda celebrates the mysteries of South America, its flora and fauna, and gazes with wonder at an antique civilisation that really belongs to pre-Columbian days. Discoverers of Chile is taken from Canto General, Nerudas the most essential work. To begin with, it was considered as Canto General of Chile and later turned into the general melody of America, i.e., Canto General. The new routine of tending to a crowd of people, speaking with a gathering of individuals turns out to be more particular in Canto General, an accumulation of lyrics that are regularly called epic sonnets of Chile. Distributed in 1950 and isolated into fifteen segments, these ballads tell the story of Latin American individuals. Tunes of Canto General were made more than twelve years, which are additionally considered years of aggressor Neruda. Many segments of Canto General are devoted to laborers and workers whose homes and encounters the writer had shared such a variety of times. While perusing these lyrics one feels that these are the general population who are loaning their voice to his verse. Through these lyrics Neruda clarifies how his kin were persecuted and abus ed first by the winners and afterward by the despots, the gathering closes with a personal record of him. Neruda praises the riddles of South America, its greenery, and looks with marvel at an antique civilisation that truly has a place with pre-Columbian day In the first line poet discovers the history of the invaders, who they are and from where they come? The word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾northà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ indicates European country mainly the Spain. The Spanish force entered Chile under the commanding ship of Almagro (in some translation instead of Almagro, pronoun he is used, he can be a suggestive of Pedro de Valdivia, who followed the route of Diego de Almagro in 1541 and established the colony at Santiago). He may also indicate any or all of the conquerors of Chile. The Conquers entered into the land with gunshots. The poet calls his country as my thin country. The strong forces suppressed the small country Chile which suffered in silence. From the north Almagro brought his crushed ember: And over the territory, between explosion and sunset The poet uses various images to stress his point of suppression of the country like the Spaniard meeting with his dry figure; shadows of thorn and coal covering it with mysterious kisses. Again, he personifies Chile as an old man with a white beard, which is actually the foam from the sea. It is a veiled suggestion that his people couldnt hold out for a long period against the powerful invaders and so were compelled to surrender, to merge their own history and culture with that of their colonial masters. Neruda admits that the Spaniard did succeed in conquering his undiscovered territory that lay beyond the seas and in ruling over the angry and yellow-coloured people of his land. They also succeeded in giving birth to a new civilisation that slowly and surely supplanted the old one of the native Indians like dropping the excrement (dung) by a sea-eagle that was hovering and circling above the sky. Neruda starts with the history of the Spanish settlers in Chile, enamoured as they were by tales of richness and of wealth.   Thus, we have a land where coal covers it with mysterious kisses and Gold burns, Silver illuminates. The imagery emanates with light and colour contrasted by shades of darkness that only emphasises the relationship between   the colonisers and the Indian people the vanquished, and again Chiles intrinsic relationship with Spain. It is continuous Eurocentric history that is only displaced by the myth of creation, probably Amerindian, where the eagle drops a strip of land in the sea and a country is born. Neruda describes his country in its actual physical form, in simple phrase such as my thin country and silence lies in its long line. This contains an indirect suggestion that the people could not hold out against the powerful invaders and so were compelled to merge their own history and culture with that of the masters. The sea appears as a descri ptive factors and as a person whose marine beard all lifes follows. Neruda begins with the historical backdrop of the Spanish pilgrims in Chile, captivated as they were by stories of lavishness and of riches. In this manner, we have a land where coal covers it with mysterious kisses and Gold burns , Silver illuminates . The symbolism radiates with light and shading differentiated by shades of dimness that lone accentuates the connection between the colonizers and the Indian individuals the vanquished, and again Chiles characteristic association with Spain. It is persistent Eurocentric history that is just uprooted by the myth of creation, likely Amerindian, where the hawk drops a segment of land in the ocean and a nation is conceived. Neruda portrays his nation in its real physical frame, in basic expression, for example, my thin country and silence lies in its long line. This contains an aberrant recommendation that the general population couldnt hold out against the effective intruders as were constrained to consolidate their own history and cultur e with that of the experts. The ocean shows up as distinct components and as a man whose marine beard all lifes takes after. Discovered in 1911 by the American explorer Hiram Bingham, Macchu Picchu is an Inca stronghold in the Peruvian Andes near the modern city of Cuzco. Nothing is known of its history and it appears that it was never discovered by the Spanish Conquistadors. Bingham himself believed that the site was the last refuge of the Incas from the invading Spanish. In The Heights of Macchu Picchu, The poet meanders through the world as a empty net assembling nothing from the world. He dives his hand into the earth and finds the sulfurous peace of the world and its spent human springtime. Neruda asks what is the indestructible, the perpetual, life on the planet. The concentration shifts from the writer himself as he battles however the world and he sees that the whole world is in a comparable circumstance. The artist depicts the lives of individuals on the planet as they battle with living. Every day people die their little deaths. many deaths comes to each Every day a little death. He climbs to Macchu Picchu as he climbs he gains an insight into the history of the place. The stellar void of the final steps and the vertiginous spiralling road He thinks about the general population who lived there once. Presently the place is unfilled there is nobody in the land. He ponders who construct the city there whose remains are still there. He feels the vacancy, Today the vacant air does not sob anymore. Neruda addresses the lost Incas of Peru: you tumbled as in pre-winter to a solitary passing. He says that they live on in the stones of Macchu Picchu. Once the land is possessed by individuals yet now the land is vacant with its remnants. The land can be the casualty of misuse of colonizers. He feels for the grand past of the nation. He asks where is the man? among the uncovered stones. Did Macchu Picchu construct itself? Neruda needs to think about the general population who had once strolled the roads. He dives his hand into the earth a moment time and finds Man. At the point when the excited condor beats my sanctuaries I dont see the quick animal. Instead, I see the man of old. Now Neruda loses all association with his European past; he is presently an American and his family relationship is with its indigenous individuals. Neruda addresses the local people groups, specifically the workers, weavers, bricklayers, and so forth. He requests that they Ascend to be conceived with me, my sibling. Neruda feels his own otherworldly resurrection and a resurrection of the dead individuals of the Americas. The poem ends: Cling to my body like magnets Hasten to my veins and to my mouth Speak through my words and my blood. Nerudas Elementary Odes are also a mastery of expression and imagery where he raises useful but mundane objects to sublime heights. His poetry cultivates simplicity of language and simplicity of technique; and his purpose is to strip his writings of any distorted or complex factors that may impede the understanding of the reader. His tone is optimistic and positive, and Ode to the Tomato is a wonderful example of a poem that presents a pictorial description of a salad making to which a reader can add the more profound meaning culled from an American culture. In the poem Neruda uses the image of tomato as a symbol of coloniser. This is very clearly seen in the lines, The street drowns in tomato: noon summar, light breaks in two tomato halves and the street run with juice. Here the poet uses the tomato to represent the invasion of Spanish and Portuguese colonial in South America. Tomato is the one of the major crops in Spain. So the poet indirectly symbolizes the Spanish people with tomato. And that the tomato spread all over the streets of Chile like the juice. When cut, the two/tomato/halves looks like the two hemispheres to which Chile and Spain belong, the only difference being that it is summer in Chile in December (as it belongs to the Southern Hemisphere) and winter in Spain (as it belongs to the Northern Hemisphere). The coloniser doesnt need any permission to enter or occupy the land. That has been in the lines, the tomato cuts loose, invades kitchens South America is conquered, suppressed, exploited by the colonialism. The coloniser of Chile (Spanish people) enters into the kitchen of Chile peoples house and occupies their places without any proper permission from them. Each line of this poem is unusually short, containing no more than one to four words. The line structure causes the reader to look at the next and then the next line to complete the action that has begun, of preparation of the salad that is an essential part of the midday meal in both South American and European countries, especially Spain. Thus, Neruda starts with the season when the tomatoes fill the stalls of vegetables vendors and their colour, though not mentioned, instantly captures the attention. The two tomato halves are also reminiscent   of the two hemispheres to which the countries Chile and Spain belong. It is not until the word December appears that we realise that the summer the poet is speaking about is of course one and the same in Southern hemisphere. The fact that the tomato breaks its bounds and invades/kitchens remains us of another takeover of their lands and their culture by the Spanish colonisers who came in the wake of Columbus. Neruda brings the picture of culinary delight to emphasize the union of two cultures. The Spanish people, who invaded Chile, sustained a relationship through marriage and by which there formed a mixture of culture of two races- the American (Red) Indians and the Europeans (Whites). This union is poetically explained in the lines: beds cheerfully with the blonde onion, and to celebrate oil the filial essence of the olive tree lets itself fall over its gapping hemispheres, the pimento adds its fragrance, salt its magnetism- The process of cooking aromatic salad mentioned in the poem indirectly speaks about the mixing of one culture with the other. The line we have the days wedding suggests the image of colonisation. Of course, the salads bowl with its olive and pimentos also suggests a cheerful lending of Chilean and Spanish culture. In fact, the melting-pot culture of America has now been replaced by the concept of the salad bowl where all the colours can mix without any losing their original shape, form, individuality and identity. Neruda races ahead to the meal that beckons with its aromas. There is immediacy when he writes, its time! Lets go! there is celebration and joy in this meal. the festival/or ardent colour/and all-embracing freshness. It is a veritable joining of cultures, at least through the common denominator of food. Spanish colonization over Chile can be characterized as pilgrim colonization, wherein the colonizers blend with the colonized and the division between the two societies is obscured. The conquistadors took it on themselves to be a piece of the foundation and not disparage the status of the colonized. They shared culture, dialect and wound up noticeably one with the occupants of their settlement. This is one reason why Nerudas verse does not contain any contempt towards Spain. This is especially apparent in the words like a goodly majesty, we have the days / wedding. There is no threatening vibe towards the colonizers of any sort. Neruda considers himself to be an epitome of the Spanish culture, as the writer of damaged human nobility who brings alive a landmass fate and dreams According to Jaime Alazraki, Neruda is not simply chronicling verifiable occasions but rather re-translating them with an unmistakable standpoint of history. Hes glancing back at American pre-history and analyzi ng the lands rich, normal legacy. Postcolonial literature often focuses on the suppression, oppression, identity crisis, alienation, and cultural identity etc, faced by the natives of the colonised land. But the poems of Neruda present the theme of post colonialism in a different way, here though the atrocities of colonisers are portrayed he never hates them, instead celebrates the mingling of culture. The Way Spain Was records the sufferings of people recorded in the history of Spain as a colony through many harsh images. The land blessed with natures bounty was destroyed in the civil war. He traces the history of Spain the present invaders were once invaded by many. Through many opposing images the horror of war and the plight of the affected people are portrayed effectively. Discoverers of Chile brings out the pain of suppressed people under the rule of dictators. As a historian he discovers the past glory of the thin country and also its invaders. Silent sufferings of the native people and how they are compelled to merge culturally with the invaders are resented in this short poem in an emphatic manner. In The Heights of Macchu Picchu though he describes the beauty of the landscape he is in search of the lost identity and the glorious past of the place. Now there is no man and he investigates where he has gone? The ruins found in the place give a hint to the colonial invasion. In the poem Ode to The Tomatoes his love for the Spanish and Chilean collaboration is very much evident when he tells about the process of cooking salads. As he aromatically describes the mingling of different ingredients in the preparation of salad, his love for the mixed culture and the coloniser can be clearly seen.

How Napoleon Achieved and Maintained Power in George Orwells Animal Fa

How Napoleon Achieved and Maintained Power in George Orwell's Animal Farm Napoleon was a pig in more than one sense. Words that you associate with pigs are not often pleasant. ‘Pig’ referring to one who is greedy and has more than their fair share; ‘pig headed’ refers to one who is extremely stubborn and thinks they are always right; ‘the pigs’ refer to police, or other figures of authority. Napoleon became dictator of Animal Farm merely due to the fact that he was a pig, and had the simplest of leadership skills. He maintained that power by propaganda and running the farm in a fascist, totalitarian manner. Violence, propaganda and the general ignorance of the other farm animals were major roles in keeping Napoleon in power. Power naturally fell to the pigs not because they had earned it, or were the best for the job, but merely as a result of their social standing in the animal hierarchy. ‘‘The work of teaching and organizing the others fell naturally upon the pigs, which were generally recognised as being the cleverest of the animals’ (P.9). The pig, Old Major was considered the oldest and wisest animal on the farm. The other animals may have thought it natural for any other pig to be like him and follow his vision and ethics of Animalism. Whilst Napoleon assumed the role of leader of the revolution, he was only able to maintain this position because the other animals took it for granted that the decisions he made were the right ones. To maintain this position...

Macbeth and Jack

Hunger for power in Macbeth and Jack Hunger for power is often the driving force in one’s life. While hunger for power is an indispensible trait for all leaders, it can also remove one's ability to control emotions, desires, and greed until that person is devoured by it. Jack, from Lord of the Flies and Macbeth, from Macbeth serves as the primary example of this, as they are eventually driven to their own demise by ambition in a negative way, murder, and betrayal of friends. In addition, Jack and Macbeth show that hunger for power leads to ones downfall. In both Macbeth and jack, ambition play’s a major role because it is the start or the beginning of their downfall. Ambition has not yet overwhelmed the minds of Macbeth, He is uncanny depiction of a noble general, saving his country form domination and tyranny, but as the character progresses in the plot, the inhabitance is parallel in that he receive prestigious rankings amongst the society and in essence, his lives is ideal. Macbeth receives titles of nobility and influence as Thane of Glamis and is recently appointed Thane of Cawdor. (Shakespeare I. 3. ). With a great quantity of control being eceived, Macbeth devours the power as if it were a precious jewel. But Evil seep’s through him, diminishing the moral code in the name of attaining his esteemed goals. Macbeth, seconds after hearing his new appointment states, â€Å" If good, why do I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair and make my seated heart knock at my ribs, against the use of nature? Present fears are less than horrible imaginings; my thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical,† (Shakespeare. I. 3. ) Ambition has driven evil spirits, which will not die until his dreams are accomplished. With the seed of power and ambition implemented into his mind, the plant grows out of control until conscience is completely drained out. Similarly, Jack isn’t ambitious in the beginning. He is introduced to the reader in a â€Å"holy† aura with the description of his choir; â€Å"Their bodies, from throat to ankle, were hidden by black cloaks which bore a long silver cross on the left breast† (Golding 21) Conveying religion into Jack’s first emergence shows the likely innocence encompassed in the boy’s life prior to crashing on the island. As the character progresses in the plot, just as Macbeth, Jack also receive prestigious rankings amongst the society or in the island. Jack is appointed Leader of the hunters, the only high rank besides Ralph, who was chosen leader. (Golding 24-25). This gives Jack important stature as he controls a certain portion of the boys inhibited in the island. As he holds substantial power over some aspect of civilization. Evil also seep’s through his mind, which therefore diminishes his moral code in the name of attaining his esteemed goal. But Jack states his feelings in different ways. Jack although less apparent, also show his attentions to overtake all leadership. His constant disagreement with Ralph exhibits no respect and shows his aspirations of taking total command. Instead of looking over the fire, Jack deliberately disobeys the order made by Ralph and goes out hunting instead. (Golding 77). This shows how Jack’s ambitiousness is trying to make a dispute with Ralph so that he can prove Ralph as a not good leader and then became the next leader. Therefore this also shows how Macbeths and jacks ambition can disrupt a peaceful society. Betrayal of friends plays an important part in both Macbeth and Jack because that’s when he change of power occurs of them leading in to their downfall. In Macbeth the earliest example of betrayal serving as a impetus in power change is when Macbeth is rewarded for his loyalty to the king while the Thane of Cawdor is stripped of his title because of his betrayal. Both Banquo and Macbeth are slightly disturbed by the witches prediction because they are afraid that it will trick them into betraying the king. But because Macbeth was very ambitious and couldn’t control himself. Macbeth begins to plan his treachery against Duncan as soon as he sees that Malcolm stands in the way of Macbeth gaining the throne. I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise† (Shakespeare II, 2, 56). The betrayal against Duncan is complete when Macbeth murders him. Now Macbeth must frame the guards and try to cover up his crime, which can only lead to more murder. Banquo is a general in the King's army (same as Macbeth) and is often seen in contrast to Macbeth. Banquo is the only one with Macbeth when he hears the first prophecy of the weird sisters; during the same prophecy, Banquo is told that his children will be kings, though he will not be. Banquo knows of Macbeth and his quest for power. He is the one that tells Macbeth that the instruments of darkness only cause harm and betrayal. Macbeth makes this statement true by betraying Banquo whom he once trusted. â€Å" Thou hast it now: king, cowdor, glamis, all, As the weird women promis’d; and, I fear, thou play’dst most foully for’t†(Shakespeare III. 1. 76). Banquo suspected Macbeth’s guilt and out of fear of being caught Macbeth sends out two murderers to kill Banquo. Macbeth is guilty of betrayal, but he doesn’t commit the act himself which shows how weak he really is. Macbeth is numb from all the events, which are causing his downfall. Just like how Macbeth betrayed his friends, Jack also betrays his friends in a different manner. The strong-willed, egomaniacal Jack is the novel’s primary representative of the instinct of savagery, violence, and the desire for power. He is a person who just gives out demands, and expects the group to answer him. Jacks main aim of the assemblies in the novel are to first become chief â€Å"simple arrogance†, â€Å"I ought to be chief†(Golding 29) Jack believes that no-one else has the right to control him, and he should be in control of everyone. But unfortunately Jack lost the vote to be chief and that’s when jack begins to betray his friends. He changes his image from a choirboy to a furtive hunter. Jack couldn’t follow Ralph’s(the chief) rulers so Jack calls for am assembly and insults Ralph by saying â€Å"He isn’t perfect and we don’t know anything about him. He just gives orders and expects people to obey for nothing. †(Golding 126). Jack betrays his chief Ralph and makes a new group. After Jack formed a new group he mostly influenced them in being a hunter and to always kill things and because of that Jack betrays Simon, who’s another friend of his. During Jacks party Simon went to examine the beast at the mountain. When Simon found out there wasn’t a beast and only a dead man in there, he came running towards Jack party to tell them. But Jack and his group thought it was the beast that was coming towards them so they killed it. â€Å"Simon was crying out something about a dead man on a hill. † (Golding 152). Therefore this portrays that hunger for power can lead one to betrayal of friends. In the world today people have certain goals that they set for themselves to achieve in their lifetime. Most people try to obtain these goals by hard work and to just keep on trying until they finally get what they want. In the case of Macbeth and Jack however they try to obtain their goals through violence and murder. At first Macbeth is a loyal and brave soldier and serves his king Duncan. Because of Macbeth's loyalty to Duncan he is named the Thane of Cawdor. After Macbeth hears the prophecies about himself and becoming king, which he has always wanted, the thought of murder starts coming into his mind. Instead of just staying a loyal and brave soldier and waiting to see if he will be named king, Macbeth tries to obtain his goal in a different way. The thoughts of murder tarts getting greater and Macbeth questions whether or not he should but Lady Macbeth tries to talk Macbeth into killing Duncan so that they can both get what they want. So now instead of obtaining his goal of becoming king by just waiting he gets it by murdering Duncan. â€Å"I have done the deed†(Shakespeare. II. 2. 56). The initial thought of murder starts when Macbeth receives the three prophecies from the witches about him becoming king. Macbeth has some of the same thoughts of the murder as Lady Macbeth does, but he also has some different opinions. Macbeth obviously wants to kill Duncan ecause he is the one who first came up with the plan of the murder, but Macbeth also doesn't want to commit the murder because Duncan is humble and Macbeth is a loyal kinsman. Macbeth kills the king to secure the kingship, but immediately it becomes clear that the only way to hide the murder is to keep murdering. Macbeth hasn't even settled in the new palace before Macbeth has already found two murders to murder Banquo and his son. Because after Macbeth becomes king Banqou says â€Å" Thou hast it now: king, cowdor, glamis, all, As the weird women promis’d; and, I fear, thou play’dst most foully for’t† (Shakespeare III. 1. 6). Banquo suspected Macbeth’s guilt and out of fear of being caught Macbeth sends out two murderers to kill Banquo. And so therefore hunger for power lead Macbeth in murdering both his king and friend. Similarly, Jack was a choir leader and wasn’t a violent person in the beginning. Jack as already mentioned is a person who just gives out demands, and expects the group to answer him. Jack believes that no one else has the right to control him, and he should be in control of everyone. One of the first murders that took place in the island was the murder of Simon. It was a dark scary night. Nothing could be clearly seen. Loud thunder roared as thick drops of rain fell on the ground. Nothing could be heard but the sound of thunder. Jacks group of agitated and aggressive boys danced with fear and excitement. Since Jack has become so obsessed with hunting, all he could think about mostly was killing. Because while dancing he repeatedly kept saying â€Å"Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood! † (Golding 152). And because he build up that mood of violence in himself and his group, when they saw something crawling out of the forest, and was coming towards them, they all thought it was the beast and killed it without even making sure. Simon was crying out something about a dead man on a hill. † (Golding 152). It is was Simon that they killed not the beast. Jack is responsible for Simon murder because he misleaded the his group in thinking it was the beast. Jack is also responsible for the murder of Piggy, an overweight asthmatic boy about 8 years in age, who cannot see without his glasses represents physical weakness and mental strength. His glasses, however, help illustrate his intellectual strength, his ability to think situations over logically and use reason, rather than emotions to decide upon important dilemmas. Because piggy was always in Ralph’s side, Jack didn’t treat piggy well he was always made fun of. Jack knew piggy had vision problem and that he couldn’t see without glasses. But Jack still stole the glasses of piggy’s face, for him to build fire. Because of Jack influence in the group most of them want to be like him so when Piggy and Ralph comes to ask for piggy’s glasses back, Ralph and Jack fight for a second time. Piggy cries out shrilly, struggling to make himself heard over the brawl. As Piggy tries to speak, hoping to remind the group of the importance of rules and rescue, â€Å" high over-head, oger, with a sense of delirious abandonment leaned all his weight on the lever† (Golding 180). Roger shoves a massive rock down the mountainside. Ralph, who hears the rock falling, dives and dodges it. But the boulder strikes Piggy, shatters the conch shell he is holding, and knocks him off the mountainside to his death on the rocks below. Jack throws his spear at Ralph, and the other boys quickly join in. Just like Macbeth even Jack is fully covered with evil he wanted to also kill Ralph at the end but he couldn’t. Jack estroyed the island by burning it, hunger for power lead him into a total failure. He couldn’t lead the group in a peaceful manner. As seen in Macbeth and Jack hunger for power is the driving force in one’s life. They couldn’t control emotions, desires, and greed until they were devoured by it. An important lesson that can be learned from Macbeth and Jack is that Ambition has driven evil spirits, which will not die until ones dreams are accomplished. And to get through that dream it will lead one into betraying their friends, and murdering. Therefore hunger for power leads to ones downfall.

Ethical Leadership Example

Ethical Leadership Example Ethical Leadership – Coursework Example Ethical Leadership Ethical Leadership Ethical business practices improve organizations’ image and reputable. According to research, organizations that create codes of ethics and adhere to them generally perform better than others that do not (Hughes and Ginnett, 2012). The UK’s Institute of Business Ethics (IBE) conducted a study that showed that ethical business practices bring huge financial and non-financial rewards. A 2010 report prepared by the IBE and titled Does Business Ethics Pay?, showed that in a sample of FTSE 100 firms, firms that had good codes of ethics and practiced them outperformed firms that did not practice ethics (Hughes and Ginnett, 2012). Ethical companies posted better results than unethical ones in three out of four financial metrics: market value added (MVA), price/earnings ratio and economic value added (EVA). Between 2003 and 2008, findings showed that there was a strong evidential proof that large American corporations with codes of business ethics and conduct posted above-average performances when compared to other categories without â€Å"codes.† Ethical business practices also play a huge role in promoting organizations’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices (Hughes and Ginnett, 2012). Evidence shows that consumers prefer to pay for goods and services from companies that practice ethical business practices compared to ones that do not. For example, companies such as Enron that were involved in unethical business practices collapsed because consumers refused to purchase their products. Unethical business practices and unethical leadership negatively affect organizations’ relationship with consumers as well as organizational culture (Bowie, 2013). Unethical business practices and unethical leadership encourage corruption and unethical behavior among employees. Employees often look at what their leaders do and follow the same cue. This creates a chain reaction that seriously corrupts orga nizations (Bowie, 2013). ReferencesBowie, N. (2013). Business ethics in the 21st Century. Dordrecht: Springer.Hughes, R., & Ginnett, R. (2012). Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience. Homewood, IL: Irwin.

Cutomer Relationship Management Negative Experience Essay Example

Cutomer Relationship Management Negative Experience Essay Example Cutomer Relationship Management Negative Experience Essay Cutomer Relationship Management Negative Experience Essay Timid Shopping Centre branch. The whole series of unhappy episode started from 2011 June. My wife was expected to due for delivery in September. We had discussed and decided we should get a domestic helper since I am working and both our parents were unable to help due to their work commitments. We started looking for maid agencies through walk-Len and feedbacks from friends and colleagues. There are few basic considerations before we decide which agency to enquire from. We hope to get helper who came from Manner. Reason being, mostly Indonesian and Philippine helper tend to bargain for more freedom and welfare even it was already minimally met by employer. The feedbacks on them were negative. They are not working focus, like to talk on phone with friends even not during their resting hours. Tendency to cut short house chores by doing the minimum or sometime do on the call-upon basis. They must have past experiences working as maid. Able to communicate In English and lastly able to take care of children with caring and patience attitude. Finally we decided to enquire from Prefect Team as they are specialized in employing Manner domestic helpers and they had the most bio-data compare to other agencies. My first visit to their branch was an unpleasant one. Although my first impression on the office layout was good due to the cleanliness and organized. It was a Saturday morning when I and my wife visited them and there were many other customers. I realized there were two unoccupied chairs hence we sat down and hopefully the staff will attend to us soon. Soon enough one of the female staff attended to us. After knowing our intent, she left us with an application form and two bio-data albums to browse. After 1 miss I realized the office was left with me and my wife sitting at the counter and there were only two staffs at the front desk. Episode 1 One of the staff was talking on the phone but I was pretty sure she was not discussing anything about work. She was talking happily on her upcoming holiday trip to Taiwan. The other staff who Just step out went to get lunch since It was near to lunch time. I was not too happy with the staff who was talking on the phone, her name was April. It was quite obvious we are still in the shop and instead of attending to us, she continued talking on the phone on her personal stuff. It has passed minis and I couldnt wait anymore thus made the initiative to signal her for attention. She reluctantly put down the phone and walked over. I think she was not happy that I Interrupted her conversation. I told her I had been browsing through the album for the past minis and no staff attended to me. She replied saying because I was previously attended by her other colleague who went out to buy lunch so she thought I would want to wait for her service. I do not wish to persuade the matter so I ask her to assist us in our request. Episode 2 After April acknowledged our terms of request, we had selected one of the helper named Nana. I wanted to know If the bio-data provided by the agency correspond was at the maid training centre back at her homeland. April said the interview could only be done during weekdays as she said the training centre at Manner does not operate in weekend. She also mentioned we can come over again during office hour and she will assist us in making the interview. Hence we made an appointment with her at Monday pm. On the following Monday, me and my wife deliberately took time off to visit the agency. I reminded the agency and saying I will be coming over at pm so hoping April could prepare the interview with Nana. At pm, we were guided by April into a small room. She started dialing the maid training centre at Manner but the line was disengaged. She attempted many times but to no vain. She told us to wait and she will check with her Assistance Manager. She returned after a short while and the first thing she does was to apologies. She said the line at Manner was down due to the overwhelmed riot caused between local Buddhist and Muslim residents. I was furious. I told her she should have done her ground check prior before our appointment. Such thing could have avoided and we would not have wasted our time coming to her office. She said now the only way is to wait for the fixed line to resume operation. She added by saying she will fix another appointment again once the line is up. My wife quickly accepted her apology and pull me out from the room to avoid further argument. Episode 3 After interviewing Nana on my third visit to the agency, we decided to employ her. Our last request before making the deposit was that the helper have to arrive by end of July. The reason was, my wife wanted to impart some knowledge on how to take care of baby so she can assist her during maternity period. April confidently said no robber since the maid was housed at training centre and there was no problem with her passport documents. Just one week before end of July, I called the agency to confirm on the arrival date of the helper. April told me Nana did not pass the first medical check-up and now they are waiting for the second check-up result in 2 weeks time. I was too frustrated to accept any apology and explanation gave by her. I told her I demand a refund of deposit if the maid did not arrive on 31 July and I hung up the phone. Episode 4 After discussing with my wife, I decided not to persuade on the late arrival of my helper. Since we have already paid the deposit and she was only going to be late for 1 week, it is really not worth the trouble to look for another maid from other agency. On 5 August, April called me and said Nana will arrive tomorrow so we will need to make the full payment. Nana started working the next day and my wife started to teach her how to prepare confinement food. I was surprised 2 months later, Nana told my wife she wanted to go back Manner as she missed her 4 years old daughter. I immediately called the agency and April told me she was busy and she will return my call later. In the end, nobody call back from agency. I called again the ext day. I told April I would want a replacement since Nana had no more interest in working for us. She suggested that I should try to talk to her and convinced her to continue work. She even have the cheek to ask if I had given her too much work to do. I was furious and demand a replacement. She said the next replacement will only arrive 3 weeks later. I was even fuming by the reply and thinking why such thing could have happened to me. Instead of waiting for the replacement, I decided to ask she Just need a phone to call back home at night and chat with her daughter as she had never left her daughter for so long since she was born. She even said she has no problem with the chores and taking care of my daughter. Therefore I decided to continue employ her till now. 2. Application of FIVE Customer Relationship Management concepts I. Customer-First Culture Customer-first culture forms a good understanding and proactive strategy around customer experience. This allow the customers to connect and engage with each other at any stage of their Journey. Pertaining to my encounter, April should attend to me since I am the only customer left in the office at that moment. Though she knew her colleague who had went out to buy lunch was the one who did the first serving. She should attend to me first and not chatting on the phone discussing on her personal issue. She should at least attempt to come forward and ask if we require any assistance on the bio-data. Source: The Water Cooler Building a Customer-First Culture And Lobed, Managing Director of Client Development Root Inc. It. Going the Extra Mile Extra-mile service is service that goes beyond customers expectations. The extra-mile mind-set involves proactively looking for opportunities to surprise and delight customers. When we go the extra-miles the customers feel special. We do not get a hence to go the extra-mile with every customer, but when it does happen, it can be a lot of achievement to really make someone say wow. For my instance, April knew we had an appointment for interviewing Nana at pm. She should at least call up the training center at Manner to ensure that Nana is available for interview and the telephone line is clear for conversation. What she did was the minimum expectation, by bringing us to a small room and start dialing training center at Manner. Then to realize the line was down due to riot. This resulted in wasting our time as we took time-off for this interview. Source: Customer Service Fundamentals Going the Extra Mile Jeff Sister. Iii. Meeting Customers Expectation To provide good customer service, you need to understand who your customers are and what they want in order to fulfill their needs. Gather as much information from your customers as possible. Try to find out what your customers are buying and why they are buying. When trying to understand their needs, it may be useful to know their concerns or situations as to tailor to meet their needs. I had mentioned to April on why I need the helper by end of July. It was for my wife to impart her some knowledge of babysitting so she can help my wife during maternity period. She was expected to due in September. In the end, Nana could not arrive in time as what April promised. She has failed to meet my expectation on my request. To make matter worse, I was not being informed in advance till I called the agency one week prior before her expected arrival. She should had informed me earlier, in the interim I would try to work something out during her absence. Alternatively, she can discuss with me to work something out like getting another helper who meet my requirements. Source: Business and Industry Portal Customer Service Meeting Customers Expectation Queensland Government. v. After Sales Service After sales service refers to various processes which make sure customers are satisfied with the products or services of the organization. The needs and demands current scenario, positive word of mouth plays an important role in promoting the company. After 2 months, Nana wanted to return Manner because she missed her daughter. When I informed April on this matter, her instant reply was to suggest I do the talking and try to convince her to stay. She immediately push back the problem to me and expect me to self-handle. She even added on by asking if I had given her too such chores and less freedom. Being the agency who I engaged the service from, she should take up this matter and do the initial talk to Nana and try to find out the reason behind. If nothing can salvage the situation, April can alternatively look into other branch for temporary replacement since she knew my wife is currently in maternity period. Instead of doing so, she expect me to wait for three weeks for the next replacement. Source: Customer Relationship Management After Sales Service Management Study Guide (MS) v. The Importance of Empathy Empathy is an important component of customer service from the heart. Empathy is the ability to put yourself in anothers shoes and walk a mile. It is the ability to imagine what it might be like to experience what the other person is. This kind of service has positive effects on the bottom line of the companies that model, train and encourage their employees in service from the heart. Companies that truly care for their customers are generally more profitable than those that do not. It was pretty obvious that April had failed to serve me with empathy since our first encounter to the moment the deal was closed. She knew that I need a helper to assist my wife urine her maternity period and I need her to start work in August so my wife could impart some babysitting knowledge to her. Knowing the importance of my request and yet she did not try to put herself in my shoe to facilitate me. Along the way, April faced some problem with my helper but she did not informed or discussed with me. She should at least show some empathy to my case by valuing my suggestions or opinions. This could also reduce some tension and anger from my dissatisfaction. Source: K R Consulting Customer Service from the Heart The Importance of Empathy. Kristin Robertson, KERR Consulting, Inc. September, 2004

What Is a Preface (And Is It the Same as an Introduction or Foreword)

What Is a Preface (And Is It the Same as an Introduction or Foreword) What is a Preface? (and is it the Same as an Introduction or Foreword?) A preface is an introductory passage written about a book by its author. It's often viewed as an apologia  - which is not so much an apology as an explanation or defense of why the book exists. Because the preface is  part of a book's front matter (the pages at the start of a book with Roman numeral page numbers), it’s often confused with the foreword and the introduction.However, there are key differences between the three:A preface is written by the author about the book and is separate from the body of the book (the pages with Arabic numbers),An introduction is written by the author about the subject of the book and is part of the body,And a foreword isn’t even written by the author! It's separate from the body, and written by an expert in the field who adds credibility to the subject of the book.In this post, we'll cover all three in more detail to help you figure out how best to introduce your own book. What's the difference between a preface, foreword, and introduction? At last, the answer. Why use a preface?For an author, the preface presents the opportunity to introduce yourself, the book, and any previous projects or experiences that might have informed it. Prefaces are your chance to tell the book’s story - the story of how it went from a thought in your head to a book in our hands.Prefaces are most common in nonfiction (prologues are more popular for fiction books). However, they are present in both. They enable you to speak directly about:What you’ve created,How you created it, andWhy it’s important - or why you specifically are qualified to write about it.Many authors will even sign the end of a preface, date it, and list the location from which they wrote it (rounding out the who, when, and where of it all), like Mark Twain did below: How are you going to start your book? Let us know if you're opting for a preface, foreword, or introduction in the comment box below.

Management report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Management report - Essay Example The information derived will thus be used by the company to formulate its marketing strategy to enter the developing markets. The company has decided to cater to the need of a specific customer target (niche market) as this will assist in entering and penetrating that particular market. First and foremost task of Connection will be to envisage its corporate goal and this will later on be segregated into SMART objectives which will have to be achieved within the predetermined time period. Later on, the marketing strategies will be developed to achieve the corporate goal. The management of the company will then formulate a development plan to decide the manner in which the marketing process will be conducted in the target market. Operation plan will then be framed to decide the marketing activities. This will be followed by the cost related activities after which the marketing budget of the company will be finalised. Connection is a company that plans to operate in the mobile manufacturing sector. Though UK is its country of origin, it is more focussed on the developing markets. A proper understanding of the needs and demands of the target customer base is thereby required so that the product range can be modified accordingly. The mission statement is framed in alignment with its vision. According to it, the company will produce such handsets that possess high economic value. The technology used in such handsets will be of international level. The company will ensure that quality is not compromised at any cost and that the products are friendly and easy to operate. Connection strongly believes that environment is one of the vital stakeholders in the company; hence the products and the technology used by Connection will be environment friendly. The mission statement of the company is also focused in developing an organisational culture where the employees will feel themselves to be an integral part of the

Buddist Materiality and How it compares to Vimalakirti Essay

Buddist Materiality and How it compares to Vimalakirti - Essay Example The paper provides an analysis of the Vimalakirti Sutra, and the social material lifestyles in Dunhuang during the fifth through to the fourteenth century. This paper argues that during the fifteenth to the nineteenth century, the Buddhists used social, material lifestyles to describe their social lifestyle. Vimalakirti is an ordinary individual and not a learned scholar. One realizes that his spiritual level is high and his knowledge is profound as he debates with a number of disciples of Buddha and bodhisattvas. His spiritual level is supposed to be at par with Buddha. So, the issue is defined in clear terms in the sutra that enlightenment does not depend on initiation. Vimalakirti belonged to Licchavi, one of the ruling clans of ancient India, and he commanded high respect from all. The second chapter makes a reference to his illness. There is passing reference to his feigning illness but the fact is he probably has taken the illness of one of his devotees upon himself. People come to enquire about his welfare and Vimalakirti takes that opportunity to preach the finer aspects of dharma and many of them are blessed with enlightenment. In the ensuing chapters Lord Buddha advises his disciples and bodhisattvas to visit Vimalakirti as well. But they are disinclined to go and make pretexts, because in the past they had all been overwhelmed by Vimalakirtis loftier understanding of the ultimate spiritual truth. Vimalakriti owns extraordinary spiritual talent. Evan Manjusri, bodhisattva of wisdom, is no match for him. When he agrees to visit Vimalakriti, a galaxy of Buddha’s disciples, bodhisattvas, gods and goddesses decide to follow him to avail the opportunity to watch the two great spiritual giants conversing with each other. All of them know that it would be an astounding and illuminating experience. Soon the room where Vimalakirti is convalescing becomes the spiritual dispensation center. A large number of people

(business law) occupiers, liability ACT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

(business law) occupiers, liability ACT - Essay Example The liability of an occupier was first spelt out in the case of Stevenson v Glasgow Corporation*3 where Lord M’Laren explained that â€Å"precautions which have been rejected by common sense as unnecessary and inconvenient are not required by law.† This position was recently cited by Lord Hutton in the case of Tomlinson v Congleton Borough Council*4 where the defendants were not held liable for Tomlison’s injuries, because the injury had come about due to Tomlinson’s choice to undertake a dangerous activity rather than because the premises were dangerous. In the case of Robert Addie and Sons v Dumbreck*5 Lord Hailsham limited the liability of occupiers, especially towards trespassers, when he stated that an occupier would be liable only â€Å"where the injury [was] due to some willful act involving something more than the absence of reasonable care† or when the occupier had demonstrated a â€Å"reckless disregard of the trespasser’s presence .† In the instant case, a child died but the defendant was not held to be liable because the child had received sufficient warning about the dangers on the property. However, subsequent cases have refined the harsh, blanket standard that was applied towards trespassers in general, reducing Occupier liability to an extent where it was negligible. When the claimant for injury is a child, Occupier liability increases in view of a child’s lack of appreciation for danger and their â€Å"ingenuity in finding unexpected ways of doing mischief to themselves should never be underestimated†, as stated by Lord Hoffman*6. The House of Lords ruled against the occupier in the case of Jolley because occupier knew that the boat the victim was repairing was dangerous but did not bother to warn the child. In fact, Section 2 (3) (a) of the Occupier Liability Act specifies that â€Å"an occupier must be prepared for children to be less

Research Approaches in the social world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research Approaches in the social world - Essay Example The role of the human services professional is to make an analysis and evaluate the needs of the clients of the employers they are working. Their work is focused on the alleviation of problems of the community and so work closely with it. Human services careers which require a high level of expertise often necessitate the candidate to have a master’s degree in human services. However, people with a bachelor’s in human services have also worked their way to higher salaries from entry-level positions (Chance 2011). In this regard, I have chosen the role of a social worker working in the broader field of human services. Social work has a lot of scope. Social work professionals have regional as well as overseas opportunities for working (James 2007). For a human services graduate there are a number of options available with respect to the nature of the organization he or she can join. For instance, NGOs, government organizations, clinics, hospitals etc are potential employm ent places for human services graduate seeking to go in social work; therefore, employment can be sought both in the private and the public sector. There are employment opportunities for human services professionals in the military too. ... he military, a social worker is required to give guidance and advice to individuals who ask for it and to have a one-to-one session with the client if required. The social worker assumes a number of roles while working with the community. Looking closely at the roles and responsibilities of a social worker, I believe that I have many characteristics that make me eligible to work join social work. One of the main roles of a social worker is that of an educator, educating the clients about various issues (Chechak 2011). For this purpose, the social worker needs to have adequate knowledge of the subject and must be able to relay the information effectively to the client. In this regard, I believe that my social skills and participating in extracurricular activities during my academic life as well as my experience as a volunteer for social work have all contributed in the development of experience and professional attitudes. The client may ask any question from the social health worker a nd so I should adequately increase my knowledge about the common social issues and think up of interventions. Moreover training programs in the field of public health can also go a long way in increasing knowledge about the common health ailments of the society. If I intend to work in as a social worker with a background of human services, I would need to take training for Management of Equal Opportunity Programs etc. Another characteristic of a social worker is that he is an enabler and convinces the client to change his attitudes to suit his wellbeing. The social worker is responsible for providing support and hope to the client. The worker plays an integral role in the identification of the strengths of the client and in promoting them (Chechak 2011). In this regard, I believe that my

The concept of hot desking and the importance of this technique in the Dissertation

The concept of hot desking and the importance of this technique in the modern world - Dissertation Example e end of this report to improve the concept of hot desking is that the organizations should propose an event in a month to socialize the employees so as they get familiarize with their behaviours and interests in order to achieve good collaboration and communication and to increase the performance efficiency. Table of Contents Acknowledgement 3 Abstract 4 Table of Contents 5 1.1 Background 8 1.2 Research Aim: 9 1.3 Research objectives: 9 1.4 Research Questions: 10 1.5 Significance of this study: 10 1.6 Scope of this study: 10 1.7 Rationale: 11 Chapter 2: Literature Review 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Hot desking and cost saving 12 2.3 Hot desking with greater utilisation and flexibility 13 2.4 Hot desking and Information Technology 14 2.5 Self-Categorisation Theory 15 2.6 Spatial Theory of Organisation 16 2.7 Lefebvre’s Spatial Triad 17 2.8 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory 18 2.9 Belbin’s Team Work Theory 19 2.9 Determinants of Job Satisfaction 19 2.10 Flexible H ours; a Core Component of Hot Desking 20 2.11 Moving Towards a Model of Hybrid Organisations 20 2.12 Effective Communication Model 21 2.12.1 Impact of Work Environment on Transfer of Skills 22 2.12.2 Hot Desking Implications in Business Organisations 23 Source: (Fiehn and Miller 2009)Chapter 3: Research Methodology 26 3.1 Introduction: 26 3.2 Adopted Research Methodology: 26 3.2.1 Inductive Approach: 27 3.3 Data Collection: 27 3.3.1 Primary Research: 27 3.3.2 Sampling: 29 3.4 Basis for Analysis: 30 3.5 Limitations: 30 Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion 32 4.1 Introduction 32 This chapter provides a summary and discussion of the findings from the interviews and the survey questions, which were conducted at Cisco. The researcher interviewed seven individuals from different departments of Cisco; their... This study looks into hot desking as a physical workstation, which involves multiple employees or those workers that are working on different shifts. Hot desking also means independent location working in which the workers have their own desk and they could work from anywhere according to their needs. The employees are connected to their computers and the IP phones through a virtual desktop. The practice of hot desking was brought in to the business world in 1990’s but it was not commonly used because of limited technology adoption by the companies but however, the concept is widely adopted in the modern world because organizations are moving towards saving the costs and increasing their productivity. The origin of the concept hot desking was first implemented in the navy, which was then known as ‘hot bunking’ where the sailors would share the limited bunk space in shifts. Hot desking is useful to those companies whose employees are frequently out of the office or the job description of the employees includes working out of the premises of the offices. It improves communication and collaboration at work having a highly mobile work force and releases the pressures of the budget. The frequent use of hot desking in the workplace is where when the employees are not in the office at the same time or for a very long time and their offices and desks are often vacant so the company utilizes that office space by appointing more workforces to consume valuable space and save the expenses.

Ethanol effect on kidney Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ethanol effect on kidney - Article Example Therefore, chronic abuse of ethanol impairs the sodium level of the kidneys by affecting the liver function which can also result in acute kidney failure in a few cases. To further understand the ill effects of ethanol for human body and the society in general, the paper will aim at exploring the site of action of ethanol alongside the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of ethanol along with other functional and structural complexities. Based on the analysis, the extent and the nature of effects which ethanol leaves on the renal system and the human body as a general may be generalized. Ethanol, which is most commonly consumed via intake of alcohol, has been known for many years for its intoxicating and pleasant effects. The secret to how ethanol affects brain function which in turn affects the entire human body have been revealed by recent studies. A decade ago, a study conducted by NIH Institute of Abuse and Alcohol achieved a breakthrough when the membrane channel of the brain activated by ethanol was discovered. This channel is also called the G Protein is constitutes various brain cells and it affects the potassium channel which in turn manages various brain functions. More recent studies indicate that the part of the molecule connected to GIRK actually has a site, and ethanol tends to assist GIRK in binding to that site. Thus the site may also be referred to as alcohol-binding in nature. Thus, this is the point where ethanol tends to bind GIRK. In other words, the site where GIRK is connected contains an amino acid sequence supports ethanol`s binding ability. However, once the mind is addicted to ethanol, chances for ethanol abuse increases which pose a risk for renal failure. In other words, alcohol binding site isn`t the only site where ethanol affects the body function, instead it also interferes with liver and kidney functions. (Acton 66) Research indicates that ethanol directly

Research Approaches in the social world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research Approaches in the social world - Essay Example The role of the human services professional is to make an analysis and evaluate the needs of the clients of the employers they are working. Their work is focused on the alleviation of problems of the community and so work closely with it. Human services careers which require a high level of expertise often necessitate the candidate to have a master’s degree in human services. However, people with a bachelor’s in human services have also worked their way to higher salaries from entry-level positions (Chance 2011). In this regard, I have chosen the role of a social worker working in the broader field of human services. Social work has a lot of scope. Social work professionals have regional as well as overseas opportunities for working (James 2007). For a human services graduate there are a number of options available with respect to the nature of the organization he or she can join. For instance, NGOs, government organizations, clinics, hospitals etc are potential employm ent places for human services graduate seeking to go in social work; therefore, employment can be sought both in the private and the public sector. There are employment opportunities for human services professionals in the military too. ... he military, a social worker is required to give guidance and advice to individuals who ask for it and to have a one-to-one session with the client if required. The social worker assumes a number of roles while working with the community. Looking closely at the roles and responsibilities of a social worker, I believe that I have many characteristics that make me eligible to work join social work. One of the main roles of a social worker is that of an educator, educating the clients about various issues (Chechak 2011). For this purpose, the social worker needs to have adequate knowledge of the subject and must be able to relay the information effectively to the client. In this regard, I believe that my social skills and participating in extracurricular activities during my academic life as well as my experience as a volunteer for social work have all contributed in the development of experience and professional attitudes. The client may ask any question from the social health worker a nd so I should adequately increase my knowledge about the common social issues and think up of interventions. Moreover training programs in the field of public health can also go a long way in increasing knowledge about the common health ailments of the society. If I intend to work in as a social worker with a background of human services, I would need to take training for Management of Equal Opportunity Programs etc. Another characteristic of a social worker is that he is an enabler and convinces the client to change his attitudes to suit his wellbeing. The social worker is responsible for providing support and hope to the client. The worker plays an integral role in the identification of the strengths of the client and in promoting them (Chechak 2011). In this regard, I believe that my

Ethanol effect on kidney Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ethanol effect on kidney - Article Example Therefore, chronic abuse of ethanol impairs the sodium level of the kidneys by affecting the liver function which can also result in acute kidney failure in a few cases. To further understand the ill effects of ethanol for human body and the society in general, the paper will aim at exploring the site of action of ethanol alongside the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of ethanol along with other functional and structural complexities. Based on the analysis, the extent and the nature of effects which ethanol leaves on the renal system and the human body as a general may be generalized. Ethanol, which is most commonly consumed via intake of alcohol, has been known for many years for its intoxicating and pleasant effects. The secret to how ethanol affects brain function which in turn affects the entire human body have been revealed by recent studies. A decade ago, a study conducted by NIH Institute of Abuse and Alcohol achieved a breakthrough when the membrane channel of the brain activated by ethanol was discovered. This channel is also called the G Protein is constitutes various brain cells and it affects the potassium channel which in turn manages various brain functions. More recent studies indicate that the part of the molecule connected to GIRK actually has a site, and ethanol tends to assist GIRK in binding to that site. Thus the site may also be referred to as alcohol-binding in nature. Thus, this is the point where ethanol tends to bind GIRK. In other words, the site where GIRK is connected contains an amino acid sequence supports ethanol`s binding ability. However, once the mind is addicted to ethanol, chances for ethanol abuse increases which pose a risk for renal failure. In other words, alcohol binding site isn`t the only site where ethanol affects the body function, instead it also interferes with liver and kidney functions. (Acton 66) Research indicates that ethanol directly

How to predict the size of the medical school applicant pool for the future Essay Example for Free

How to predict the size of the medical school applicant pool for the future Essay Many approaches can be used to predict the size of medical school applicant pool. To predict the size of the medical pool, several techniques can be used to address the problem. However, the results of the different techniques may vary from one to another. Thus, one should identify the proper technique to be used in the said scenario. Based on the problem background, the predicting technique the can be used to address predicting the size of medical school applicant pool is regression analysis. Regression analysis is statistical technique which has a goal of predicting, modeling and characterizing a problem. Regression analysis was chosen as a technique to predict the applicant pool because regression analysis rely on factors that can affect the result of the prediction model. Regression analysis can be used to identify factors that have great influence on the dependent variable being predicted. In this case, one can use regression analysis to predict applicant pool size depending on the factors that can influence the variable. Being able to determine factors that have great influence on the predicted variable means that the regression model created will give a better prediction of the variable being predicted (Cohen, Cohen, West, Aiken, 2003). Several variables are considered to have an influence on the medical school applicant size. Some of the variables considered include seats given for incoming first year medical students and the quality of the applicants based on their GPA and MCAT results. Other factors can also be included in order to predict the applicant pool size such as the applicant-to-matriculant ratio. The ratio is an important factor identified as it is an indicator of whether medical schools are capable of filling their classes (Garrison, Matthew Jones, 2007). With the use of regression analysis, one can identify factors given above that have great influence on the size of medical school applicant pool. Identifying such influential factors can create a better model that can predict medical school applicant pool. Thus, regression analysis can be used to address the problem of predicting size of medical school applicant pool.

The Tiananmen Square Massacre History Essay

The Tiananmen Square Massacre History Essay With thousands left wounded, a seemingly countless number of citizens reported dead, and a country left with a damaged reputation. All of these were the results of a truly unforgettable and shocking event which happened on the 4th of June 1989, the Tiananmen Square massacre. In order to grasp a better understanding of this historical event, I have put together some sub headings and questions to break it down into a more understandable manner. What is Tiananmen Square? Tiananmen Square, situated in Chinas capital, Beijing, is the largest public space in the world. Being one of the largest tourist attractions in the world, it is surrounded by monumental public buildings that line its edges and vast spaces in between that echoes this scary event. It is named after the Tiananmen Gate (Gate of Heavenly Peace) located to its North. This gate separates it from the Forbidden City. Tiananmen Square is the Third largest city square in the world at 440,000m ². Today it has great cultural significance as it was the hosted site of several important events in Chinese history, including this famous 1989 protest, which ultimately lead to military suppression and the deaths of multiple protestors. What was the cause of the protest? After the war between the communists and the Kuomingtang (KMT) party in China, the leader of the KMT, Chiang Kai-shek, fled to Taiwan with his party. As this happened Mao Zedong, leader of the communist party, was given the advantage and then took control and launched multiple communist reforms such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. The transition was slow, but the people of the Peoples Republic of China began to accept the change to communism. This was followed by the next chairman, Deng Xiaoping, attempting to calm the system that Mao Zedong had set up. Xiaoping would then try to convert China in his own way. He would begin by slowly easing China into a market economy, but by the year 1989, these economic and political changes had already given birth to two groups, groups in which were completely unsatisfied. The first group was essentially a group of students and intellectuals who, in their minds, felt that the reforms had not gone far enough. The second group was a group of industrial workers who believed, quite simply, the opposite. The workers believed that the reforms had gone too far and thought that they were also beginning to put their way of living in jeopardy. These two groups on April 15 1989 came together to begin their protests. This protest at Tiananmen Square was different than protests prior to this one. For example, the 1987 protest consisted of just students and intellectuals, and the 1989 protest included students, intellectuals and workers. Over a million supporters took part in the pro-democracy protest of 1989. The demonstrators at Tiananmen Square performed daily marches, and chanted The Internationale in their native language. This would be accommodated shortly after by a hunger strike, another tactic that the protestors engaged in. This tactic was very popular among the Chinese. At the beginning of these protests, some but not all attempts were successful, and actually made a negotiation with the government. These negotiations were soon overlooked by the government because of the visiting of Mikhail Gorbachev (chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet). This lead to a lot of press being present. The press found the protests fascinating and began to cover the scenes with extreme curiosity. Around the time of May 30 1989, the protesters erected the Goddess of Democracy, a symbol in which the people watching this on the television from home could associate the protests with. This statue was also known as the Goddess of Liberty. It was 10 meters tall and was constructed in only four days out of foam and papier-mà ¢chà © over a metal armature. It was built so big so it would be hard to dismantle by the government. This meant that they would either have to destroy the statue (an action which would fuel further criticism of its policies) or leave it standin g. After what seemed like endless negotiation and the Chinese government asking the students to return to their institutions, there was no co-operation between the two sides. This meant that the party elders of the government had to stop this protest by force. Martial Law On May 20th, 1989 Deng Xiaoping declared martial law. This is when military forces (in this case the Peoples Liberation Army) are called upon to bring a particular region or an event to a halt by any means necessary. On this day four convoys of military vehicles proceeded towards Tiananmen Square but were no longer able to advance any further upon reaching the thousands of demonstrators. These protesters were lecturing soldiers and appealed to them to join their cause and they also provided the soldiers with food, water and a roof over their heads. All government forces were forced to retaliate and withdraw their army on the 24th of May as they were highly outnumbered by the mounds of protesters. The authorities, at this point, saw no way forward. While this retreat by the government initially being seen as the turning of the tide in favour of the protestors went on, in reality every military region was sending units by rail and even by air. Regular airline flights were even cancelled due to the mass amount of military personnel travelling. Fall of the protest By the time late May had arrived, the protestors were getting very much disorganised and had no real leadership amongst them anymore. It dragged on so long that the face of Tiananmen Square was filled with serious hygienic problems and had overcrowding issues that werent taken care of. By June the leadership agreed that it was necessary to end the turmoil, and that the students occupying the Square should return to their campuses. However, this had many problems and they ended up struggling with the idea of using force. Through this, the members of Politburo had to agree that using martial law to restore order was the only option and on June the 1st Li Peng issued a report titled On the True Nature of the Turmoil, which was passed on to every member of the Politburo. This report basically persuaded the members of Politburo that these protestors were in fact terrorists and counterrevolutionaries. The report stated that the students were growing in numbers and their support was gaining strength. As the frustration grew higher and higher the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) decided that it would be best to clear Tiananmen Square as quickly and as peacefully as possible, but if the protestors would not comply, then the troops were authorized to use force to complete the job. On the evening of the 2nd of June, it was heard that a police jeep ran into four civilians, killing three, and injuring the other. This was the moment that sparked fear in the protestors that the police were trying to advance into Tiananmen Square. Roadblocks were made by the students at major intersections to prevent any further advancing from the troops, but this didnt stop them. In the early hours of June the 3rd, the first reports of violence on both sides were reported. Military advances to Tiananmen Square Soldiers and tanks from the 27th and 38th Armies of the Peoples Liberation Army were sent to take control of Beijing and clear Tiananmen Square. The 27th army was controlled and commanded by Yang Shangkun. Reports from the incident show that this army was responsible for most of the civilian deaths. Major General Xu Qinxian was the commander of the 38th army. He shocked the leadership when he refused orders from General Li Laizhu telling him to clear the square, he instead insisted on a written order. Xu was instantly removed from command and was later jailed for five years and following this, was expelled from the Party. As the word spread and more and more people found out that hundreds of thousands of troops were advancing from all four directions, panic broke out. The protestors began to flood the streets in attempt to block the oncoming troops. It was on this night that the army began to fire live bullets at the protestors, killing many of them. This took place near the Muxidi apartment buildings, home to high-level Party officials and their families. This sparked off riots in Tiananmen Square. The protestors would now throw rocks and Molotov cocktails at vehicles and on the streets and this, in turn, infuriated the officials. There were also reports of people burning soldiers alive in their armoured personnel carriers while others were beaten to death. Therefore, soldiers responded by firing at will on protestors. Many of the protestors were seriously injured or killed by the soldiers automatic weaponry, but fortunately rickshaw drivers who ventured out into no-mans-land rescued all they could and brought them to safety. Getting desperate and unable to move forward, the army therefore had to open fire on the civilians blocking their way. This shocked the crowd at first as they did not think that the army would use live ammunition. But this did not drive the people from the streets. The army tried everything in their power to evacuate the square but the protestors continued to fight back. Gas, smoke and randomly fired bullets were used against the demonstrators. Some of soldiers were even pulled from their tanks and beaten to death by the civilians. Some of the protestors left, in fear of risking their lives, but there were still hundreds of students left in Tiananmen Square by the time the army had reached it. Those who sought refuge in buses were ripped out from them by the soldiers and beaten to death with heavy sticks. In the early hours of June the 4th the tanks had smashed their way into the square, crushing vehicles and people with their way and by 5:40am the square had been cleared. Aftermath of the Massacre On the morning of June the 5th, people who were related to those who were injured or killed tried to enter the blockaded square but were shot at by the soldiers. Even when they tried to run away, the soldiers persisted in shooting them in the back. These actions were repeated several times. Finally order had been restored in Tiananmen Square but protests were still going on in other parts of mainland China. There were large protests in Hong Kong, where people wore black in conjunction with the demonstrators in Beijing. Other large protests were held in Guangzhou and in Shanghai. Many other countries had protests as well, all representing the people of Beijing with black bands worn around their arms. There is little to no evidence of how many people were killed during the massacre. Sources range from 1200 to 10,000 (including soldiers). To this day nobody has an official death count number. The Tank Man While a convoy of about a dozen tanks headed eastward into Tiananmen Square a day after the military crackdown, a skinny man dressed in a white shirt and black pants holding two grocery bags, stepped in front of the leading tank. This step was a step into history for him. As soon as the tanks reached the man they came to a standstill. They were face to face with this man. He swung his shopping bags beckoning them to turn around and leave, but the tanks didnt move from where they were. When the leading tank tried to turn to the right to go around him, the Tank Man would jump to the left in front of it and when it would try to go the other way; he would jump in front of it again, stopping the tanks in their path. After a brief standoff, the Tank Man climbed onto the machine and appeared to be trying to talk to the men inside. Shortly after, two men came up and dragged him away. The famous picture of the Unknown Rebel smuggled out of China under the noses of officials and soon appeared on the front pages of newspapers all around the world. This man became a hero, and a legend to some. The fate of Tank Man who carried out his famous act of civil disobedience on June the 5th is unknown, some say he went into hiding and others say he was executed. I felt inspired after I had watched the footage of the man standing in front of the tanks. It took a lot of courage to do such a thing, putting his life at risk for the sake of his people. Its sad to think that he is not very well known in China and is more recognised in other parts of the world. This is due to Chinas censorship that ensures that most Chinese dont know what happened in June 1989. Why did the government kill their own people? This is probably one of the most outstanding queries of the entire protest and in the end its down to personal opinion as to why they opened fire on their own people. This is mainly because the Chinese government has been really secretive about the whole incident and never really let out any information. In my opinion, I think the government had no other choice even though they knew they were doing wrong. The protestors were even putting themselves in danger already before the army even came, people were getting crushed and people were passing out with hunger. Im not saying that the government was right to decide to do what they did, because a lot of innocent citizens were killed and this is never right in any case. Reactions from around the world The type of footage shown on Western television was definitely the first of its type and truly shocked the public. The Chinese governments response was denounced, particularly by Western governments and media. Criticism came all over the world from places such as Eastern Europe, North America, Australia and some Asian and Latin American countries also. Asian countries were found to keep silent throughout the protests; the government of India responded to the massacre by ordering the state television to pare down the coverage to the barest minimum, so as not to put their relation with China in danger. North Korea, Cuba, Czechoslovakia and East Germany among others supported the Chinese government and denounced the protests. Underlying Causes. I have done some online research on this topic and it seems as though a few people think that the protests were not as the seemed to be. People ask what would get a group of people to create a historic even like this in the first place? were they trying to appear in the media? Or were they just standing up for what they truly believe? Some people even go far enough as to say that it was the Illuminati U.S government that contacted a few hundred students in Beijing and were contracted to cause chaos and confusion in Chinas capital and that its all part of New World Order. It may seem impossible or crazy, but their opinion is as good as anybodys and theyre entitled to it. Impact on China and the rest of the world. In Hong Kong, the Tiananmen Square protests led to fears that the PRC would follow up on its commitments under one country, two systems following the impending handover in 1997. In response the Governor of PRC, Chris Patten, attempted to expand the franchise for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, which led to friction with Beijing. There have been large candlelight vigils attended by tens of thousands in Hong Kong every year since 1989 and these vigils have continued following the transfer of power to the PRC in 1997. There was also a giant impact on the Chinese economy after the massacre. Foreign loans to China were suspended for obvious reasons and tourism revenue decreased from US$2.2 billion to just US$1.8 billion. On top of this the foreign direct investment commitments were cancelled and there was a rise in defence spending from 8.6% to 15.5% in the following four years. This was just after a 10 year decline. Chinas international image was, needless to say, damaged greatly. Western media displayed real footage of the happenings while protestors in Beijing took this opportunity to create banners to display to the cameras in their best English. All international television networks were soon ordered to stop broadcasting their footage during military action, with the government shutting down satellite transmissions. Apparently, the only network that was able to record the scenes of the massacre without hassle during the 4th of June was Televisià ³n Espaà ±ola of Spain. Some foreign journalists were also faced with harassment during the military action. It is said that a cameraman was taken into custody while filing a report from Tiananmen Square via mobile phone. The Police at this time were very strict with cameras and would tell anybody they saw recording to stop immediately. The images that managed to break out of China had strongly shaped the views of Westerners and policy toward China in the next two decades. As for overseas Chinese students, the Tiananmen Square protests triggered the formation of Internet news services such as the China News Digest and the NGO China Support Network. Before this, there was little on the web. Organisations such as the China Alliance for Democracy and the Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars were formed, although these organisations would have limited political impact in later years. The Tiananmen Massacre today The Massacre still lives with us today in different forms. Tourists are able to visit Tiananmen Square itself where the actual incident happened. Also there are various documentaries made and references to this famous event throughout the world. Theres even a 90 minute movie about the famous Tank Man. Songs have been written about the massacre and even paintings and drawings have been inspired by it. No matter how much the Chinese government try to hide this incident it will never be forgotten. April 15th 1989 to June 4th, 1989 marks an event forever in history that the Chinese and people worldwide will never forget.