Changing the System :: essays research papers

The "system" is something that people are always out to change. You see people trying to change it all the time, but few are actually successful at changing the system. The system can be a variety of things. In some cases it is the government, it can be the a boss or basically anything or anyone that has some type of control or authority. For some people fighting the system is their livelihood, their mission in life. They try to change the system because of the corruption, because of unjust actions, because they were a victim of it or to seek the truth. In the novels One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the main characters are out to change the system. Based on the novel by Ken Kesey, it seems that his perspective on this issue is that the system is in dire need of change. Even if you are not successful in changing the system, it is still very effective that you tried and you set an example for others to follow. Kesey also seems to believe that persistence is key when fighting the system. Kesey believes that even if you change a small aspect of the system it was well worth the fight. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, the main character, Randle Patrick McMurphy, fights to change the system in a mental hospital. McMurphy is outgoing, a leader and a rebel. There was a constant power struggle in the novel between the patient's new found savior McMurphy, and the evil Nurse Ratched who rules their wing of the hospital with an iron fist. McMurphy fights to change the system to try to win back the patients' rights and in the process gain more privileges for the patients and himself. McMurphy also seems to get pleasure out of fighting the system. His motives are simple, he wants to help out his fellow patients, his friends, to make their lives better. McMurphy was successful in changing many of the rules and regulations that were imposed upon them by Nurse Ratched. McMurphy was a very inspirational speaker and during the regularly occurring meetings between the patients and the doctors he would rally the patients to fight against Nurse Ratched. Thus he was able to win back some of their rights. McMurphy also uses his cunning wit and his skills as a con man to persuade the doctors into giving the patients more rights and activities. McMurphy is able to con Dr.

Preference Reversal And Expert :: essays research papers

Subjects in gambling tasks that involve both choice and pricing show a pattern of responses known as preference reversal. That is, although subjects in a choice condition generally will give higher preference ratings to “safe';, high-probability/low-payoff, bets than to “longshot';, low-probability/high-payoff, bets, when they are asked in a pricing condition to generate an amount of money that they would accept to avoid the gamble altogether they tend to give higher values for longshots over safer bets. Tversky, Slovic, and Kahneman (1990) demonstrate that among the several possible actions that subjects could be taking to produce this pattern, the critical factor appears to be the overpricing of the longshot bets. If subjects are actually offered a monetary figure (hypothetically) by the experimenter to replace the gamble, they will accept this figure even though it is lower than the figure that they generated in the pricing condition. Tversky et al. (1990) further show ed that this overpricing is largely due to a phenomena known as scale compatibility, which involves certain biases when the response required by the subject is in the same units as the factors influencing the decision. Since the payoffs of the bets and the buy-out prices assigned to them are both monetary values, this leads people to give greater weight to the payoff value of the bets when asked to price them (a situation of compatibility) than when asked to choose between them (a situation of non-compatibility).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The development of expertise in avoiding preference reversal, then, would have to involve the circumvention of the compatibility effect. One possible way in which this could occur would involve subjects consistently selecting either payoff or probability as the critical factor in both choice and pricing conditions. By adopting a strategy of maximizing the chance of any payoff in both the choice and pricing condition and giving that option the higher rating on both scales, preference reversal would be avoided. Conversely, considering only the greatest potential for gain in each condition would have the same effect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This strategy, however, would be susceptible to preference reversals in the other direction. In the first case of maximizing the chance of payoff, the safe bet (H) would be favored over the longshot (L) and the pricing would also favor the safe bet (Ch) over the longshot (Cl) (i.e. Ch Cl). Yet when any amount of money (X) is offered at a %100 probability, that option would be selected over both H and L.

Leaders Creating Value in Organizations

Leadership in today’s world has a vital role for organizations in achieving and maintaining long-term success, to create sustainable values and to improve the quality of business. Without good leader any activity is doomed to survive in changing environment. Only purposeful leader with clear vision and openness to diversified world can effectively achieve goals, creating and keeping up certain values. Actually, leadership is about â€Å"understanding people, and mainly about the process of getting people all pointing and acting in the same direction. It is about listening, and making a real connection with the followers. It implies unique vision, making strategic choices, and designing and enabling an organization to conduct business.† (Leader Values)   In short, leadership has evolved to the creation of a culture around a shared vision and value system based on certain principles. Creating a vision that encompasses the ultimate goal of the organization gives direction to the purpose, processes, and employees. Through communicating this vision, the leaders are able to tie in the vision to the work processes, constructing a solid structure to bring focus to the organization’s goals. A clear vision creates an environment of support from lower management and as well as their subordinates. In other words, leadership can be defined as a way to influence others ideas. Values represent a leaders standards and what exactly a leader represents. Leadership has stood the test of time as a way to influence other actions, thoughts, and ideas. The primarily purpose of leadership is to create goals to follow and live by. Values play a central part of a leaders psychological makeup. Values are an important component of the moral reasoning process. Values also serve to organize attitudes, which are general and enduring positive or negative feelings about some person, object, or issue. Leaders value the relationships they hold with their co-workers and employees. A leader sees his or her relationship with others as the window to how effective they are at leading.   If they have good relations with others, then that reflects how they operate and who views them as valuable.  Ã‚   Although many leaders can have the wrongful impression that they are the ones that make things happen and that is untrue.   The realization that the leader does not know everything is an attribute that makes them a better leader.   A leader that is humble creates an environment that is relaxed and warrants the creation of better work and products from other employees. Trust of the leader among employees becomes a major responsibility in the office when leading others.   It is impossible to lead people who think that you are not trustworthy. A good leader knows that they must earn the trust of their co-workers rather than expecting it to be handed to them with their position within the office.   Leader must also give full support to his employee base in times of prosperity and ruin.   Employees must have a sense of confidence in their leader when decisions are to be made and operational changes that affects them as a whole. Effective leader is also good listener and communicator.   I think that employees find a grave difference between hearing and listening.   Listening involves taking time to understand not only the problem but also the details surrounding the situation that is occurring. A good leader is cultivated through hearing the troubles of employees at a deeper and more personal level.   Employees are conscientious that their leader take the time to know intimate details about them and this increases their loyalty and motivation to reach higher levels of productivity. This relationship also improves the work environment and enables employees to commit to their jobs, the corporation, and to their leader. Appreciation is another value-creating activity and is an esteem-builder that is irreplaceable by any other means.   It energizes people, and it makes them want to exceed their goals and commit to a lasting relationship to a particular company.   By creating a supportive atmosphere, it aids the overall productivity of the employees because they feel successful when the corporation succeeds. It is vital for leaders to â€Å"conduct their work in an ethical manner to earn and maintain the confidence of team members, colleagues, employees, employers, clients and the public† (Gray and Larson, 550). Leadership integrity must be firmly grounded in the company’s values and integrated into individual employee values.   Leaders must build a company culture based on its core values and supported by a storehouse of stories, by telling your people what the organization stands for, what it is trying to achieve and what is in it for them.   The changing world calls for leaders who will react openly to the introduction of new cultural identities and diversities and who will face ethical issues responsibly. â€Å"Leadership comes from within us, in the sense that deeply held values and principles provide the road map for the way we lead, and the way other people respond. Whether the leader is a person of impeccable moral fiber, or quite disreputable, it is always their personal value system that sustains them in their quest.† (Leader Values) First of all, we must realize, understand and communicate our own value systems, and must focus on balancing the interests and concerns of others, helped by understanding their value systems. This is a precondition to enable others to recognize, understand and then follow any leader’s activity. In conclusion, it is clear to see how many difficult characteristics a leader must possess, making the importance of the leadership role irrefutable.   Much like sheep needing a shepherd, a group needs a leader to guide them in the right direction.   In order to be classified as a leader, one must have a sense of drive, leadership motivation, integrity, self-confidence, and knowledge of the business.   It is with these characteristics that a true leader can accomplish the ever-important aspiration of getting a group of people to work with each other towards a goal and create sustainable value in organization. References:  §Ã‚   Leader Values. 4 E’s in Short. Leader Values Website, 2004 Gray, Clifford F.; Larson, Erik W. Project Management – The Managerial Pr

Health Insurance For The Poor Health And Social Care Essay

For people populating below poorness line, a wellness job non merely represents a kind of lasting menace to their income earning capacity, most of the times it consequences in the household falling into a debt trap. Whenever the necessity to acquire the intervention arises for hapless households they by and large ignore it because of deficiency of resources, fearing pay loss, or may be wait till the last minute finally when it ‘s excessively late. Even when the hapless do make up one's mind to obtain the coveted wellness attention it eats their nest eggs, forces them to sell their belongings or to slit other of import disbursement like kids ‘s instruction ) The ultimate end of wellness attention funding is to accomplish cosmopolitan wellness attention coverage for all. Social wellness insurance is a mechanism for pull offing and financing wellness attention through pooling of wellness hazards of its members on the one manus, and the fiscal parts of endeavors, families, and the authorities, on the other. SHI ( Social Health Insurance ) is â€Å" a fiscal protection mechanism for wellness attention, through wellness hazard sharing and fund pooling for a larger group of population † .1.2 Introduction about RSBY:Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana or RSBY started from 1st April 2008 after a critical reappraisal was done of the bing and earlier wellness insurance strategies. RSBY has been launched by Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India to supply wellness insurance coverage for Below Poverty Line ( BPL ) households. The â€Å" nonsubjective † of RSBY is to supply protection to BPL families from fiscal liabilities originating out of wellness dazes that involve hospitalization. Beneficiaries under RSBY are entitled to hospitalization coverage up to Rs. 30,000/- for most of the diseases that require hospitalization.1.3 Eligibility and BenefitsUnorganized workers belonging to BPL class and their household members. Recently, other classs of people were besides added to the range of the RSBY. They include edifice and other building workers, MNREGA donees, street sellers, beedi workers and house servants. This enlargement has created an added patient volume to be taken attention of. Coverage extends to five members of the household which includes the caput of family, partner and up to three dependants. It covers preexistent conditions and there is no age bound. Entire amount insured would be Rs. 30000/- per household per annum on a household floater footing. Cashless attending to all covered complaints. Transportation system costs with an overall bound of Rs.1000/- for which no cogent evidence entry is required. Beneficiaries need to pay merely Rs. 30/- as the enrollment fee while the Central and State Government pays the premium to the insurance company selected on the footing of a competitory command by the province authorities.1.4 Unique characteristics of RSBY1.4.1 A concern theoretical account strategy For a societal sector scheme the strategy has been designed as a concern theoretical account strategy with inducements built for each interest holder which is contributing for enlargement and sustainability. 1.4.2 Empowering the donee RSBY provides the take parting BPL family with freedom of pick between public and private infirmaries. A infirmary has the inducement to supply intervention to big figure of donees as it is paid per donee treated. Even public infirmaries have the inducement to handle donees under RSBY as the money from the insurance company will travel straight to the concerned public infirmary can be used by them for their ain intents. 1.4.3 IT ( Information Technology ) Intensive For the first clip IT applications are being used for societal sector strategy on such a big graduated table. Every beneficiary household is issued a biometric enabled smart card incorporating their fingerprints and exposure, around 32,423,483 cards have been issued till 7/9/12. All the infirmaries empanelled under RSBY are IT enabled and connected to the waiter at the territory degree. This helps to guarantee a smooth information flow sing service use sporadically. 1.4.4 Safe and sap cogent evidence Insurance companies, in contrast, will supervise the participating infirmaries in order to forestall fraud or unneeded processs ensuing in inordinate claims. It besides attempts to better the operation of public wellness suppliers via advancing a healthy competition between public and private suppliers. By paying merely a upper limit amount up to Rs. 750/- per household per twelvemonth, the Government is able to supply entree to quality wellness attention to the below poorness line population.1.5 Functioning of RSBY as a strategy1.5.1 Financing of RSBY The Government of India ( GOI ) provides 75 % funding while the remainder 25 % is provided by the State authorities. The choice of a public or private insurance company is done through the procedure of competitory command undertaken by State authorities. 1.5.2 Selection of wellness insurance company and Empanelment of Health Care Providers The choice of the wellness insurance supplier shall be done by the province through tendering procedure ask foring both Public and Private Insurers for better footings of mention. Merely those insurance companies which are licensed by the Insurance Regulatory Development Authority ( IRDA ) are included in the procedure. The State Government would explicate the undertakings and find the implementing bureau such as Insurance Trust/ Insurance Cell/ Mother NGO etc. to monitor/supervise the strategy and integrate with insurance company. This would be farther monitored at State and Central degree. After the insurance company is selected, they need to impanel both public and private wellness attention suppliers in the undertaking and nearby territories. The empanelment of the infirmaries is done based on prescribed standards which shall be done every bit shortly as the insurance company gets the contract and it can go on at the same time with the registration of the donees. The insurance company shall impanel adequate infirmaries in the territory so that donees need non go really far to acquire the heath attention services. The insurance company besides needs to organize with several wellness section of the province. These infirmaries are required to put in necessary hardware and package so that smart card minutess can be processed. They should besides put up a particular RSBY desk with a trained staff. The hospital list should let for both public and private infirmaries who agree to take part. At the clip of registration the insurance company must besides supply a list of RSBY empanelled infirmaries, to the donees. When empanelment takes topographic point, a nationally alone infirmary ID figure is generated so that minutess can be tracked at each infirmary. 1.5.3 Role of IT in RSBY/ Smart Cards The usage of biometric enabled smart card and a cardinal direction system makes this scheme safe and foolproof. The biometric enabled smart card ensures that merely the existent donee can utilize the smart card. The cardinal characteristic of RSBY is that a beneficiary enrolled in a peculiar territory will be able to utilize his/ her smart card in any RSBY empanelled hospital across India. This characteristic makes the strategy truly alone and good to the hapless households that migrate from one topographic point to the other. A donee of RSBY gets cashless benefit in any of the empanelled infirmaries. He/ she merely needs to transport his/ her smart card and supply confirmation through his/ her finger print. 1.5.4 Use of services by donees The dealing procedure begins when the member visits the active infirmary. After making the infirmary, donee will see the RSBY aid desk at infirmary where his individuality will be verified by the smart card. If a diagnosing leads to a hospitalization, the helper at the aid desk checks whether the process is in the list of pre-specified bundles. If the process is in the list, the appropriate prescribed bundle is selected from the bill of fare. If the process is non in the bundle list, the aid desk helper cheques with the insurance company sing the monetary value for that process. Upon release of the donee from the infirmary, the card is once more swiped along with finger print confirmation and the pre-specified cost of the process is deducted from the sum available on the card. The donee is besides paid by the infirmary Rs. 100 as transit disbursal at the clip of the discharge. 1.5.5 Claim colony After the service is rendered to the patient, the infirmaries need to direct an electronic study to the insurer/ Third Party Administrator ( TPA ) . The Insurer/ TPA after traveling through the records information will do the payment to the infirmary within a specified clip period which has been agreed between the Insurer and the infirmary. 1.5.6 Monitoring and rating Information associating to minutess taking topographic point each twenty-four hours at each infirmary is sent through a phone line to a territory waiter. A separate set of pre-formatted tabular arraies are generated for the insurance company and for the authorities severally. This allows the insurance company to track claims, reassign financess to the infirmaries and investigate in the instance of leery claim forms through on-site audits.1.6 Impact of RSBY on wellness attention use1.6.1 Penetration of RSBY Scheme Since its induction, 26 States including 1 brotherhood district have advertised about it. So far, out of these 26 provinces, the registration procedure and empanelment of infirmaries has been initiated in merely 22 provinces. Out of a entire 631 territories in India, BPL households shacking in 399 territories were selected for obtaining RSBY screen. It is of import to observe that provinces in which the registration procedure has been completed, the entire BPL households enrolled, out of the selected BPL population, are merely approximately 57 % . Though the incursion of the strategy has non been every bit high as expected. This might be due to really low degree of consciousness and instruction among the multitudes about the benefits of the strategy, or possibly to the complicated procedural or deficiency of earnestness in the execution of the strategy. But the plan is even operational in Naxal-prone territories ( such as Rayagarh, Sambalpur and Deogarh ) , which have experienced much anti-government force and snatchs. 1.6.2 Utilization of wellness attention benefits under RSBY strategy The RSBY strategy has used the public private partnership ( PPP ) theoretical account for the empanelment of infirmaries in the strategy. Hence, both public and private wellness attention suppliers have been empanelled under the strategy. So far more than 4,000 infirmaries ( out of which 75 % infirmaries are private infirmaries ) have been empanelled and more than half a million in population have obtained intervention in these infirmaries. The high degree of engagement of private infirmaries shows the success and credence of the strategy among private infirmaries. The use of health care installations under RSBY strategy is highest in the province of Kerala and lowest in instance of province of Assam. The empanelment of the figure of infirmaries for BPL households in each province is really unevenly distributed 1.6.3 Nature of disease intervention under RSBY The insured BPL households are using insurance screen most of the times ( i.e. approx two tierce of respondents ) for chronic diseases such as hernia, kidney diseases, haemorrhoids, high blood pressure, and nutritionary lacks etc. The 2nd most of import usage of RSBY screen is to acquire intervention for acute conditions like enteric fever, dandy fever febrility, diarrhoea, enteric fever, viral hepatitis, rubeolas, malaria, and TB. Among the nature of intervention received, both surgical and medical intervention has an about tantamount portion i.e. 46 % surgical and 54 % medical intervention. 1.6.4 Substitution of use of no/informal wellness installation to formal wellness installations Though with the debut of the RSBY strategy, the handiness to, and use of, the formal health care system has improved among BPL households, but at the same clip still there is long manner to travel as most of the population ( i.e. more than 70 % of BPL population of India ) has yet non been covered under the RSBY Scheme. 1.6.5 Impact of RSBY on wellness results Since the RSBY strategy was launched merely a few old ages ago, it is non possible see its impact in footings of the decrease of mortality rate, disease load, and disablement. studies conducted by the ministry so far have indicated a beneficiary satisfaction ratio runing between 77 % and 92 % . Access to the infirmaries for the hapless has gone up from 1.7 % to 2.7 % , harmonizing to the National Sample Survey Organization 1.6.6 Dissemination of information and cognition about RSBY The word of oral cavity spreading, interaction with ASHA, ANMs, AWWs, Aanganwadi Workers and Loudspeaker proclamations were the most of import beginning of information and cognition about the RSBY strategy among donees. It is seen that though donees of the strategy are cognizant of the rudimentss of the strategy, like the sum of entire coverage available, figure of household members covered, and sum required to pay for acquiring enrollment etc, there awareness related to assorted entitlements granted by the strategy like transit costs, nature of interventions covered, coverage for disbursals on Out Patient Department ( OPD ) intervention was really hapless. This low consciousness could take to struggles, moral jeopardies ( over/mis use of wellness attention installations ) and dissatisfactions among donees. 1.6.7 Impact of the RSBY strategy on economic result Micro wellness insurance, hence, involves a direct economic load ab initio placed on the insurance company who clears the hospitalization outgo on the behalf of the insured and of the Government who pays the insurance premium on the behalf of the BPL family. Other than the direct costs, selling and disposal costs besides add to the economic load. Higher claim colony rates and disposal costs result in high claim/loss rates, casts uncertainties on the long-run sustainability of wellness insurance strategies. States like Gujarat, Haryana, and Kerala show a high claim ratio. This high claim ratio is bespeaking a prevalence of over use of wellness services i.e. moral jeopardies, projecting uncertainties on the long-run sustainability of the RSBY. 1.6.8 Impact of the RSBY strategy on behaviour of BPL families While insurance companies pay for the majority of the cost in instance of a private system, authorities pools are used if proviso is public, the consumer pays merely a little portion of the entire cost i.e. out-of pocket on ingestion of the wellness service. Irrespective of how wellness attention is financed, one fact is that one time people have fallen ill they face inducements to devour more than optimum wellness attention, since they do non hold to pay the full marginal cost for the attention they utilize. The wellness economic sciences literature refers to this sort of behaviour as a moral jeopardy. The use of formal of wellness installations has increased significantly after the micro wellness insurance screen under the RSBY. This is supported reported by National Sample Survey Organization 60th the figure of hospitalization instances for Monthly Per Capita Consumer Expenditure ( MPCE ) , less than INR 253. The per centum of BPL population hospitalized across India has increased from 0.28 % ( in twelvemonth 2005 ) to 2.69 % , 2.39 % and 1.5 % of enrolled BPL population in the provinces of Kerala, Gujarat and Haryana severally. Hence, hypothesis 1 about the increased use of the Health attention installation ( No. of hospitalization ) after the RSBY execution was supported. Switching penchants ( from populace to private infirmaries ) of donees. Similar phenomenon can be seen in footings of the altering penchants of the donees from public to private infirmaries. These changed penchants and behavior show window the presence of moral jeopardies in the RSBY strategy every bit good, l ike other wellness insurance strategies.

Marketing and Product Life Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing and Product Life Cycle - Essay Example In addition, these will also aid the company in informing customers on the usage of the new product. During the launching, in-store promotions will also be used in order to allow the customers to experience and be educated of Key Ring. Questions will be entertained and freebies will also be given to participants. During the growth stage, it is expected that the product will already be popular in the market but competitors are trying to catch up by making their own campaigns. Procter and Gamble will counter this by giving higher discounts to the company's products. Bundling and in-store promotions will still be utilized. Noting the strong brand equity of Procter and Gamble, it is expected that buyers will still gravitate to its products and will be seeking more ways to get discounts. Sales is expected to taper off during maturity when demand slowly stabilizes. Procter and Gamble can stimulate the use of Key Ring by including its new product lines in the discount coupons. Since the company is very much aggressive in introducing new product variants, it is very much advisable to entice customers in buying these products by allowing them to purchase at a discount.

End-of-Term Written Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

End-of-Term Written - Assignment Example Later on, with the turn of the century, white bands began to emerge and Jazz music has been evolving since its birth. In the book â€Å"A History of Jazz Music†, Scaruffi Piero credits New Orleans for becoming a hub for Jazz music and the pivot where musicians came to perform and earn. As it says, â€Å"New Orleans was a cosmopolitan amusement park. Thus music was always in demand, not just as paid entertainment but as the soundtrack of a never-ending party. In other cities ethnicity was a problem. In New Orleans ethnicity was an opportunity to improve the party, because each ethnic group brought its different style of partying (e.g., dances) to the party.† (Scaruffi, 2005) Stylistic Characteristic of Chick Corea The way he plays his electric keyboard especially on synthesizers is commendable and that is also one of the major reasons of his popularity. Also, Corea has been with countless bands and musicians, yet he has remained popular and his music, ever recognizable w ith the bass drums, blues, syncopation, improvisation and what not. He started playing piano from the age of four and had been influenced by Horace Silver and Bud Powell. As mentioned above, he collaborated with various artists in performing Jazz music and it says that he remained playing for 40 years with all these people; keeping in mind the fact, that he started his career in early 1960’s. With the turn of the 21st century, Corea began experimenting with solo albums and produced six solo albums namely, Solo Piano: Originals, Solo Piano: Standards, Past, Present & Futures, Rendezvous in New York, To the Stars and The Ultimate Adventure. It must be noted that Corea is not just a pianist but also a composer and that he had engaged in experimenting with Jazz music in collaboration with many other vocalists, drummers and guitarists to carve a niche for himself in this music genre. He is an award-winning icon who is best known for his â€Å"countless performances, recordings, t ours and collaborations with some of the music’s most well-respected names. Having been a member in bands of legends like Miles Davis, Stan Getz, and countless others, Corea began developing what has become a remarkably illustrative career. As a member of these bands, Corea met many of his closest musical cohorts, of whom he would work closely with for years to come.† (Larson, 2013) Among other things, Corea is also known to be associated with Scientology, which has a major impact on his music and as he said in one of his interviews that he could communicate with millions of people while performing as he implied Scientology in his music. About â€Å"Return to Forever† Return to Forever was composed in 1972 but it was released in USA not before 1975 and therefore their second album, â€Å"Light as a Feather† which was released in 1973; made their first album really popular. Return to Forever is another fusion of Latin and Brazilian rhythms which is mixed wi th electro-piano notes. This album is very soft and comprises of romantic numbers which is very different than that of other Jazz music which was being produced at that time. As Miles Davis and Tony Williams were producing ground shaking, rocking music, Corea and his team were approaching the Jazz music with yet another

Summery3-318 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Summery3-318 - Essay Example Therefore, a vertical line represents the GDP in the graph. Note that a change in employment or output implies a direct positive impact on the GDP and thus there will be a horizontal shift in the vertical line representing GDP in such cases. However, like the level of interest rate, changes in the price level also has no direct impact on the GDP and thus, the GDP line would remain stationary if there was a change in the price level. Figure 1: Graphical representation of GDP The next step is to add the APE into this set up. Assuming a simple linear form under typical assumptions, we can have the following expression:  Note that a, b and c are all positive fractions. ‘a’ represents the autonomous part of planned expenditure, while b represents the marginal propensity to expend out of income and c represents the marginal expenses induced by interest rate changes. Figure 2: Adding in the APE – the horizontal intercept of the APE line is a+b(GDP0) as i=0 along the ho rizontal axis by definition. To graph this relationship into the set up introduced previously, first note that the interest rate has an inverse relationship with APE implying that the graph will slope upwards to the left, i.e., the APE wil fall (rise) following an increase (decrease) in the interest rate. ... expression clearly implies that the IS relationship can be plotted as a straight line which has a horizontal intercept equal to  which lies to the right of a+b(GDP0) and rises upwards to the left with a flatter incline compared to the APE line (since the coefficient on I is c for the APE line while it is c/(1-b) for the IS line. This is shown in the diagram below (figure 3) Figure 3: Adding in the IS line Observe that due to the particular specifications of each of these lines, there will always be an intersection or a common point were the lines cross. Suppose that if there is a change in GDP, the GDP line will move horizontally to the right in case of an increase or to the left in case of a decrease and the APE line will also shift in the same direction but by a smaller magnitude. The shift will be b times the shift in the GDP line. The IS line will remain unchanged. Alternatively if there is a change in the APE line, then the GDP line will remain stationary but the IS line will shift upwards or downwards in accordance to the direction of the change in the APE line. However, the crucial point to note here is that due to these coordinated movements, that these lines will intersect is necessarily ensured. Since by definition the IS line is the locus of combinations of the interest rate and the GDP such that APE=GDP, we can trace the IS line by allowing the GDP to change, letting the APE curve shift in accordance and connecting the new intersection points. The final point to note in this context is that if the GDP shifts first, then the APE will also shift in response and the IS line shall remain stationary. However, if the APE line shifts by itself (say due to a change in a), then the GDP line remains stationary, while the IS line shifts. ASF which is defined as the